btrfs: add sha256 as another checksum algorithm

Now that we everything in place, we can add SHA-256 as another checksum
algorithm.

SHA-256 was taken as it was the cryptographically strongest algorithm that
can fit into the 32 Bytes we have left.

Signed-off-by: Johannes Thumshirn <jthumshirn@suse.de>

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Changes to v1:
- Select SHA-256 in KConfig
- Minimalize switch() in btrfs_supported_super_csum() (Nikolay)
- Use enum for new on-disk checksum type (Nikolay/David)
- Format SHA256 using sprintf()'s hexdump mode
5 files changed