git-commit-tree.html - pub/scm/git/git-htmldocs - Git at Google

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 <body class="manpage">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>
 git-commit-tree(1) Manual Page
 </h1>
 <h2>NAME</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>git-commit-tree -
    Create a new commit object
 </p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="verseblock">
 <pre class="content"><em>git commit-tree</em> &lt;tree&gt; [(-p &lt;parent&gt;)&#8230;]
 <em>git commit-tree</em> [(-p &lt;parent&gt;)&#8230;] [-S[&lt;keyid&gt;]] [(-m &lt;message&gt;)&#8230;]
                   [(-F &lt;file&gt;)&#8230;] &lt;tree&gt;</pre>
 <div class="attribution">
 </div></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This is usually not what an end user wants to run directly.  See
 <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> instead.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Creates a new commit object based on the provided tree object and
 emits the new commit object id on stdout. The log message is read
 from the standard input, unless <code>-m</code> or <code>-F</code> options are given.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>A commit object may have any number of parents. With exactly one
 parent, it is an ordinary commit. Having more than one parent makes
 the commit a merge between several lines of history. Initial (root)
 commits have no parents.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>While a tree represents a particular directory state of a working
 directory, a commit represents that state in "time", and explains how
 to get there.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Normally a commit would identify a new "HEAD" state, and while Git
 doesn&#8217;t care where you save the note about that state, in practice we
 tend to just write the result to the file that is pointed at by
 <code>.git/HEAD</code>, so that we can always see what the last committed
 state was.</p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 &lt;tree&gt;
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
         An existing tree object
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 -p &lt;parent&gt;
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
         Each <code>-p</code> indicates the id of a parent commit object.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 -m &lt;message&gt;
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
         A paragraph in the commit log message. This can be given more than
         once and each &lt;message&gt; becomes its own paragraph.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 -F &lt;file&gt;
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
         Read the commit log message from the given file. Use <code>-</code> to read
         from the standard input.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 -S[&lt;keyid&gt;]
 </dt>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 --gpg-sign[=&lt;keyid&gt;]
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
         GPG-sign commits. The <code>keyid</code> argument is optional and
         defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be
         stuck to the option without a space.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 --no-gpg-sign
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
         Do not GPG-sign commit, to countermand a <code>--gpg-sign</code> option
         given earlier on the command line.
 </p>
 </dd>
 </dl></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_commit_information">Commit Information</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>A commit encapsulates:</p></div>
 <div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 all parent object ids
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 author name, email and date
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 committer name and email and the commit time.
 </p>
 </li>
 </ul></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>While parent object ids are provided on the command line, author and
 committer information is taken from the following environment variables,
 if set:</p></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><code>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME
 GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL
 GIT_AUTHOR_DATE
 GIT_COMMITTER_NAME
 GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL
 GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</code></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>(nb "&lt;", "&gt;" and "\n"s are stripped)</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>In case (some of) these environment variables are not set, the information
 is taken from the configuration items user.name and user.email, or, if not
 present, the environment variable EMAIL, or, if that is not set,
 system user name and the hostname used for outgoing mail (taken
 from <code>/etc/mailname</code> and falling back to the fully qualified hostname when
 that file does not exist).</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog
 entry is not provided via "&lt;" redirection, <em>git commit-tree</em> will just wait
 for one to be entered and terminated with ^D.</p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_date_formats">DATE FORMATS</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>GIT_AUTHOR_DATE</code>, <code>GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</code> environment variables
 support the following date formats:</p></div>
 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 Git internal format
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
         It is <code>&lt;unix timestamp&gt; &lt;time zone offset&gt;</code>, where <code>&lt;unix
         timestamp&gt;</code> is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.
         <code>&lt;time zone offset&gt;</code> is a positive or negative offset from UTC.
         For example CET (which is 1 hour ahead of UTC) is <code>+0100</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 RFC 2822
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
         The standard email format as described by RFC 2822, for example
         <code>Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 ISO 8601
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
         Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example
         <code>2005-04-07T22:13:13</code>. The parser accepts a space instead of the
         <code>T</code> character as well.
 </p>
 <div class="admonitionblock">
 <table><tr>
 <td class="icon">
 <div class="title">Note</div>
 </td>
 <td class="content">In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats:
 <code>YYYY.MM.DD</code>, <code>MM/DD/YYYY</code> and <code>DD.MM.YYYY</code>.</td>
 </tr></table>
 </div>
 </dd>
 </dl></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_discussion">Discussion</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git is to some extent character encoding agnostic.</p></div>
 <div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences
    of bytes.  There is no encoding translation at the core
    level.
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 Path names are encoded in UTF-8 normalization form C. This
    applies to tree objects, the index file, ref names, as well as
    path names in command line arguments, environment variables
    and config files (<code>.git/config</code> (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>),
    <a href="gitignore.html">gitignore(5)</a>, <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> and
    <a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>).
 </p>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that Git at the core level treats path names simply as
 sequences of non-NUL bytes, there are no path name encoding
 conversions (except on Mac and Windows). Therefore, using
 non-ASCII path names will mostly work even on platforms and file
 systems that use legacy extended ASCII encodings. However,
 repositories created on such systems will not work properly on
 UTF-8-based systems (e.g. Linux, Mac, Windows) and vice versa.
 Additionally, many Git-based tools simply assume path names to
 be UTF-8 and will fail to display other encodings correctly.</p></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 Commit log messages are typically encoded in UTF-8, but other
    extended ASCII encodings are also supported. This includes
    ISO-8859-x, CP125x and many others, but <em>not</em> UTF-16/32,
    EBCDIC and CJK multi-byte encodings (GBK, Shift-JIS, Big5,
    EUC-x, CP9xx etc.).
 </p>
 </li>
 </ul></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
 in UTF-8, both the core and Git Porcelain are designed not to
 force UTF-8 on projects.  If all participants of a particular
 project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, Git
 does not forbid it.  However, there are a few things to keep in
 mind.</p></div>
 <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>git commit</em> and <em>git commit-tree</em> issues
   a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
   like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
   project uses a legacy encoding.  The way to say this is to
   have i18n.commitencoding in <code>.git/config</code> file, like this:
 </p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><code>[i18n]
         commitEncoding = ISO-8859-1</code></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
 of <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> in its <code>encoding</code> header.  This is to
 help other people who look at them later.  Lack of this header
 implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>git log</em>, <em>git show</em>, <em>git blame</em> and friends look at the
   <code>encoding</code> header of a commit object, and try to re-code the
   log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified.  You can
   specify the desired output encoding with
   <code>i18n.logOutputEncoding</code> in <code>.git/config</code> file, like this:
 </p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><code>[i18n]
         logOutputEncoding = ISO-8859-1</code></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
 <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> is used instead.</p></div>
 </li>
 </ol></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
 message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
 object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
 reversible operation.</p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_files">FILES</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>/etc/mailname</p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a></p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated
  2018-01-27 08:11:04 JST
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