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| </head> | |
| <body class="article"> | |
| <div id="header"> | |
| <h1>Use of index and Racy Git problem</h1> | |
| </div> | |
| <div id="content"> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_background">Background</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"><p>The index is one of the most important data structures in Git. | |
| It represents a virtual working tree state by recording list of | |
| paths and their object names and serves as a staging area to | |
| write out the next tree object to be committed. The state is | |
| "virtual" in the sense that it does not necessarily have to, and | |
| often does not, match the files in the working tree.</p></div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"><p>There are cases Git needs to examine the differences between the | |
| virtual working tree state in the index and the files in the | |
| working tree. The most obvious case is when the user asks <code>git | |
| diff</code> (or its low level implementation, <code>git diff-files</code>) or | |
| <code>git-ls-files --modified</code>. In addition, Git internally checks | |
| if the files in the working tree are different from what are | |
| recorded in the index to avoid stomping on local changes in them | |
| during patch application, switching branches, and merging.</p></div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"><p>In order to speed up this comparison between the files in the | |
| working tree and the index entries, the index entries record the | |
| information obtained from the filesystem via <code>lstat(2)</code> system | |
| call when they were last updated. When checking if they differ, | |
| Git first runs <code>lstat(2)</code> on the files and compares the result | |
| with this information (this is what was originally done by the | |
| <code>ce_match_stat()</code> function, but the current code does it in | |
| <code>ce_match_stat_basic()</code> function). If some of these "cached | |
| stat information" fields do not match, Git can tell that the | |
| files are modified without even looking at their contents.</p></div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"><p>Note: not all members in <code>struct stat</code> obtained via <code>lstat(2)</code> | |
| are used for this comparison. For example, <code>st_atime</code> obviously | |
| is not useful. Currently, Git compares the file type (regular | |
| files vs symbolic links) and executable bits (only for regular | |
| files) from <code>st_mode</code> member, <code>st_mtime</code> and <code>st_ctime</code> | |
| timestamps, <code>st_uid</code>, <code>st_gid</code>, <code>st_ino</code>, and <code>st_size</code> members. | |
| With a <code>USE_STDEV</code> compile-time option, <code>st_dev</code> is also | |
| compared, but this is not enabled by default because this member | |
| is not stable on network filesystems. With <code>USE_NSEC</code> | |
| compile-time option, <code>st_mtim.tv_nsec</code> and <code>st_ctim.tv_nsec</code> | |
| members are also compared. On Linux, this is not enabled by default | |
| because in-core timestamps can have finer granularity than | |
| on-disk timestamps, resulting in meaningless changes when an | |
| inode is evicted from the inode cache. See commit 8ce13b0 | |
| of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tglx/history.git | |
| ([PATCH] Sync in core time granularity with filesystems, | |
| 2005-01-04). This patch is included in kernel 2.6.11 and newer, but | |
| only fixes the issue for file systems with exactly 1 ns or 1 s | |
| resolution. Other file systems are still broken in current Linux | |
| kernels (e.g. CEPH, CIFS, NTFS, UDF), see | |
| <a href="https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/6/9/714">https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/6/9/714</a></p></div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_racy_git">Racy Git</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"><p>There is one slight problem with the optimization based on the | |
| cached stat information. Consider this sequence:</p></div> | |
| <div class="literalblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><code>: modify 'foo' | |
| $ git update-index 'foo' | |
| : modify 'foo' again, in-place, without changing its size</code></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"><p>The first <code>update-index</code> computes the object name of the | |
| contents of file <code>foo</code> and updates the index entry for <code>foo</code> | |
| along with the <code>struct stat</code> information. If the modification | |
| that follows it happens very fast so that the file’s <code>st_mtime</code> | |
| timestamp does not change, after this sequence, the cached stat | |
| information the index entry records still exactly match what you | |
| would see in the filesystem, even though the file <code>foo</code> is now | |
| different. | |
| This way, Git can incorrectly think files in the working tree | |
| are unmodified even though they actually are. This is called | |
| the "racy Git" problem (discovered by Pasky), and the entries | |
| that appear clean when they may not be because of this problem | |
| are called "racily clean".</p></div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"><p>To avoid this problem, Git does two things:</p></div> | |
| <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic"> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| When the cached stat information says the file has not been | |
| modified, and the <code>st_mtime</code> is the same as (or newer than) | |
| the timestamp of the index file itself (which is the time <code>git | |
| update-index foo</code> finished running in the above example), it | |
| also compares the contents with the object registered in the | |
| index entry to make sure they match. | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| When the index file is updated that contains racily clean | |
| entries, cached <code>st_size</code> information is truncated to zero | |
| before writing a new version of the index file. | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| </ol></div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"><p>Because the index file itself is written after collecting all | |
| the stat information from updated paths, <code>st_mtime</code> timestamp of | |
| it is usually the same as or newer than any of the paths the | |
| index contains. And no matter how quick the modification that | |
| follows <code>git update-index foo</code> finishes, the resulting | |
| <code>st_mtime</code> timestamp on <code>foo</code> cannot get a value earlier | |
| than the index file. Therefore, index entries that can be | |
| racily clean are limited to the ones that have the same | |
| timestamp as the index file itself.</p></div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"><p>The callers that want to check if an index entry matches the | |
| corresponding file in the working tree continue to call | |
| <code>ce_match_stat()</code>, but with this change, <code>ce_match_stat()</code> uses | |
| <code>ce_modified_check_fs()</code> to see if racily clean ones are | |
| actually clean after comparing the cached stat information using | |
| <code>ce_match_stat_basic()</code>.</p></div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"><p>The problem the latter solves is this sequence:</p></div> | |
| <div class="literalblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><code>$ git update-index 'foo' | |
| : modify 'foo' in-place without changing its size | |
| : wait for enough time | |
| $ git update-index 'bar'</code></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"><p>Without the latter, the timestamp of the index file gets a newer | |
| value, and falsely clean entry <code>foo</code> would not be caught by the | |
| timestamp comparison check done with the former logic anymore. | |
| The latter makes sure that the cached stat information for <code>foo</code> | |
| would never match with the file in the working tree, so later | |
| checks by <code>ce_match_stat_basic()</code> would report that the index entry | |
| does not match the file and Git does not have to fall back on more | |
| expensive <code>ce_modified_check_fs()</code>.</p></div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_runtime_penalty">Runtime penalty</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"><p>The runtime penalty of falling back to <code>ce_modified_check_fs()</code> | |
| from <code>ce_match_stat()</code> can be very expensive when there are many | |
| racily clean entries. An obvious way to artificially create | |
| this situation is to give the same timestamp to all the files in | |
| the working tree in a large project, run <code>git update-index</code> on | |
| them, and give the same timestamp to the index file:</p></div> | |
| <div class="literalblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><code>$ date >.datestamp | |
| $ git ls-files | xargs touch -r .datestamp | |
| $ git ls-files | git update-index --stdin | |
| $ touch -r .datestamp .git/index</code></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"><p>This will make all index entries racily clean. The linux project, for | |
| example, there are over 20,000 files in the working tree. On my | |
| Athlon 64 X2 3800+, after the above:</p></div> | |
| <div class="literalblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><code>$ /usr/bin/time git diff-files | |
| 1.68user 0.54system 0:02.22elapsed 100%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 0maxresident)k | |
| 0inputs+0outputs (0major+67111minor)pagefaults 0swaps | |
| $ git update-index MAINTAINERS | |
| $ /usr/bin/time git diff-files | |
| 0.02user 0.12system 0:00.14elapsed 100%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 0maxresident)k | |
| 0inputs+0outputs (0major+935minor)pagefaults 0swaps</code></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"><p>Running <code>git update-index</code> in the middle checked the racily | |
| clean entries, and left the cached <code>st_mtime</code> for all the paths | |
| intact because they were actually clean (so this step took about | |
| the same amount of time as the first <code>git diff-files</code>). After | |
| that, they are not racily clean anymore but are truly clean, so | |
| the second invocation of <code>git diff-files</code> fully took advantage | |
| of the cached stat information.</p></div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_avoiding_runtime_penalty">Avoiding runtime penalty</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"><p>In order to avoid the above runtime penalty, post 1.4.2 Git used | |
| to have a code that made sure the index file | |
| got timestamp newer than the youngest files in the index when | |
| there are many young files with the same timestamp as the | |
| resulting index file would otherwise would have by waiting | |
| before finishing writing the index file out.</p></div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"><p>I suspected that in practice the situation where many paths in the | |
| index are all racily clean was quite rare. The only code paths | |
| that can record recent timestamp for large number of paths are:</p></div> | |
| <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic"> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| Initial <code>git add .</code> of a large project. | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <code>git checkout</code> of a large project from an empty index into an | |
| unpopulated working tree. | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| </ol></div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"><p>Note: switching branches with <code>git checkout</code> keeps the cached | |
| stat information of existing working tree files that are the | |
| same between the current branch and the new branch, which are | |
| all older than the resulting index file, and they will not | |
| become racily clean. Only the files that are actually checked | |
| out can become racily clean.</p></div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"><p>In a large project where raciness avoidance cost really matters, | |
| however, the initial computation of all object names in the | |
| index takes more than one second, and the index file is written | |
| out after all that happens. Therefore the timestamp of the | |
| index file will be more than one seconds later than the | |
| youngest file in the working tree. This means that in these | |
| cases there actually will not be any racily clean entry in | |
| the resulting index.</p></div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"><p>Based on this discussion, the current code does not use the | |
| "workaround" to avoid the runtime penalty that does not exist in | |
| practice anymore. This was done with commit 0fc82cff on Aug 15, | |
| 2006.</p></div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div> | |
| <div id="footer"> | |
| <div id="footer-text"> | |
| Last updated | |
| 2018-01-27 08:11:04 JST | |
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