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<body class="manpage"> | |
<div id="header"> | |
<h1> | |
gittutorial(7) Manual Page | |
</h1> | |
<h2>NAME</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<p>gittutorial - | |
A tutorial introduction to Git | |
</p> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div id="content"> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="verseblock"> | |
<pre class="content">git *</pre> | |
<div class="attribution"> | |
</div></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>This tutorial explains how to import a new project into Git, make | |
changes to it, and share changes with other developers.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you are instead primarily interested in using Git to fetch a project, | |
for example, to test the latest version, you may prefer to start with | |
the first two chapters of <a href="user-manual.html">The Git User’s Manual</a>.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>First, note that you can get documentation for a command such as | |
<code>git log --graph</code> with:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ man git-log</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>or:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git help log</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>With the latter, you can use the manual viewer of your choice; see | |
<a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a> for more information.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>It is a good idea to introduce yourself to Git with your name and | |
public email address before doing any operation. The easiest | |
way to do so is:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git config --global user.name "Your Name Comes Here" | |
$ git config --global user.email you@yourdomain.example.com</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_importing_a_new_project">Importing a new project</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Assume you have a tarball project.tar.gz with your initial work. You | |
can place it under Git revision control as follows.</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ tar xzf project.tar.gz | |
$ cd project | |
$ git init</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Git will reply</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>Initialized empty Git repository in .git/</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>You’ve now initialized the working directory—you may notice a new | |
directory created, named ".git".</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Next, tell Git to take a snapshot of the contents of all files under the | |
current directory (note the <em>.</em>), with <em>git add</em>:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git add .</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>This snapshot is now stored in a temporary staging area which Git calls | |
the "index". You can permanently store the contents of the index in the | |
repository with <em>git commit</em>:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git commit</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>This will prompt you for a commit message. You’ve now stored the first | |
version of your project in Git.</p></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_making_changes">Making changes</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Modify some files, then add their updated contents to the index:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git add file1 file2 file3</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>You are now ready to commit. You can see what is about to be committed | |
using <em>git diff</em> with the --cached option:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git diff --cached</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>(Without --cached, <em>git diff</em> will show you any changes that | |
you’ve made but not yet added to the index.) You can also get a brief | |
summary of the situation with <em>git status</em>:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git status | |
On branch master | |
Changes to be committed: | |
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'. | |
(use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) | |
modified: file1 | |
modified: file2 | |
modified: file3</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you need to make any further adjustments, do so now, and then add any | |
newly modified content to the index. Finally, commit your changes with:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git commit</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>This will again prompt you for a message describing the change, and then | |
record a new version of the project.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Alternatively, instead of running <em>git add</em> beforehand, you can use</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git commit -a</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>which will automatically notice any modified (but not new) files, add | |
them to the index, and commit, all in one step.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>A note on commit messages: Though not required, it’s a good idea to | |
begin the commit message with a single short (less than 50 character) | |
line summarizing the change, followed by a blank line and then a more | |
thorough description. The text up to the first blank line in a commit | |
message is treated as the commit title, and that title is used | |
throughout Git. For example, <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a> turns a | |
commit into email, and it uses the title on the Subject line and the | |
rest of the commit in the body.</p></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_git_tracks_content_not_files">Git tracks content not files</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Many revision control systems provide an <code>add</code> command that tells the | |
system to start tracking changes to a new file. Git’s <code>add</code> command | |
does something simpler and more powerful: <em>git add</em> is used both for new | |
and newly modified files, and in both cases it takes a snapshot of the | |
given files and stages that content in the index, ready for inclusion in | |
the next commit.</p></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_viewing_project_history">Viewing project history</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>At any point you can view the history of your changes using</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git log</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you also want to see complete diffs at each step, use</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git log -p</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Often the overview of the change is useful to get a feel of | |
each step</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git log --stat --summary</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_managing_branches">Managing branches</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>A single Git repository can maintain multiple branches of | |
development. To create a new branch named "experimental", use</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git branch experimental</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you now run</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git branch</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>you’ll get a list of all existing branches:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code> experimental | |
* master</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>The "experimental" branch is the one you just created, and the | |
"master" branch is a default branch that was created for you | |
automatically. The asterisk marks the branch you are currently on; | |
type</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git checkout experimental</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>to switch to the experimental branch. Now edit a file, commit the | |
change, and switch back to the master branch:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>(edit file) | |
$ git commit -a | |
$ git checkout master</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Check that the change you made is no longer visible, since it was | |
made on the experimental branch and you’re back on the master branch.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can make a different change on the master branch:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>(edit file) | |
$ git commit -a</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>at this point the two branches have diverged, with different changes | |
made in each. To merge the changes made in experimental into master, run</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git merge experimental</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If the changes don’t conflict, you’re done. If there are conflicts, | |
markers will be left in the problematic files showing the conflict;</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git diff</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>will show this. Once you’ve edited the files to resolve the | |
conflicts,</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git commit -a</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>will commit the result of the merge. Finally,</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ gitk</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>will show a nice graphical representation of the resulting history.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>At this point you could delete the experimental branch with</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git branch -d experimental</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>This command ensures that the changes in the experimental branch are | |
already in the current branch.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you develop on a branch crazy-idea, then regret it, you can always | |
delete the branch with</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git branch -D crazy-idea</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Branches are cheap and easy, so this is a good way to try something | |
out.</p></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_using_git_for_collaboration">Using Git for collaboration</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose that Alice has started a new project with a Git repository in | |
/home/alice/project, and that Bob, who has a home directory on the | |
same machine, wants to contribute.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Bob begins with:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>bob$ git clone /home/alice/project myrepo</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>This creates a new directory "myrepo" containing a clone of Alice’s | |
repository. The clone is on an equal footing with the original | |
project, possessing its own copy of the original project’s history.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Bob then makes some changes and commits them:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>(edit files) | |
bob$ git commit -a | |
(repeat as necessary)</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>When he’s ready, he tells Alice to pull changes from the repository | |
at /home/bob/myrepo. She does this with:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>alice$ cd /home/alice/project | |
alice$ git pull /home/bob/myrepo master</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>This merges the changes from Bob’s "master" branch into Alice’s | |
current branch. If Alice has made her own changes in the meantime, | |
then she may need to manually fix any conflicts.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>The "pull" command thus performs two operations: it fetches changes | |
from a remote branch, then merges them into the current branch.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that in general, Alice would want her local changes committed before | |
initiating this "pull". If Bob’s work conflicts with what Alice did since | |
their histories forked, Alice will use her working tree and the index to | |
resolve conflicts, and existing local changes will interfere with the | |
conflict resolution process (Git will still perform the fetch but will | |
refuse to merge --- Alice will have to get rid of her local changes in | |
some way and pull again when this happens).</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Alice can peek at what Bob did without merging first, using the "fetch" | |
command; this allows Alice to inspect what Bob did, using a special | |
symbol "FETCH_HEAD", in order to determine if he has anything worth | |
pulling, like this:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>alice$ git fetch /home/bob/myrepo master | |
alice$ git log -p HEAD..FETCH_HEAD</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>This operation is safe even if Alice has uncommitted local changes. | |
The range notation "HEAD..FETCH_HEAD" means "show everything that is reachable | |
from the FETCH_HEAD but exclude anything that is reachable from HEAD". | |
Alice already knows everything that leads to her current state (HEAD), | |
and reviews what Bob has in his state (FETCH_HEAD) that she has not | |
seen with this command.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If Alice wants to visualize what Bob did since their histories forked | |
she can issue the following command:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ gitk HEAD..FETCH_HEAD</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>This uses the same two-dot range notation we saw earlier with <em>git log</em>.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Alice may want to view what both of them did since they forked. | |
She can use three-dot form instead of the two-dot form:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ gitk HEAD...FETCH_HEAD</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>This means "show everything that is reachable from either one, but | |
exclude anything that is reachable from both of them".</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please note that these range notation can be used with both gitk | |
and "git log".</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>After inspecting what Bob did, if there is nothing urgent, Alice may | |
decide to continue working without pulling from Bob. If Bob’s history | |
does have something Alice would immediately need, Alice may choose to | |
stash her work-in-progress first, do a "pull", and then finally unstash | |
her work-in-progress on top of the resulting history.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>When you are working in a small closely knit group, it is not | |
unusual to interact with the same repository over and over | |
again. By defining <em>remote</em> repository shorthand, you can make | |
it easier:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>alice$ git remote add bob /home/bob/myrepo</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>With this, Alice can perform the first part of the "pull" operation | |
alone using the <em>git fetch</em> command without merging them with her own | |
branch, using:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>alice$ git fetch bob</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Unlike the longhand form, when Alice fetches from Bob using a | |
remote repository shorthand set up with <em>git remote</em>, what was | |
fetched is stored in a remote-tracking branch, in this case | |
<code>bob/master</code>. So after this:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>alice$ git log -p master..bob/master</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>shows a list of all the changes that Bob made since he branched from | |
Alice’s master branch.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>After examining those changes, Alice | |
could merge the changes into her master branch:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>alice$ git merge bob/master</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>This <code>merge</code> can also be done by <em>pulling from her own remote-tracking | |
branch</em>, like this:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>alice$ git pull . remotes/bob/master</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that git pull always merges into the current branch, | |
regardless of what else is given on the command line.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Later, Bob can update his repo with Alice’s latest changes using</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>bob$ git pull</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that he doesn’t need to give the path to Alice’s repository; | |
when Bob cloned Alice’s repository, Git stored the location of her | |
repository in the repository configuration, and that location is | |
used for pulls:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>bob$ git config --get remote.origin.url | |
/home/alice/project</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>(The complete configuration created by <em>git clone</em> is visible using | |
<code>git config -l</code>, and the <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> man page | |
explains the meaning of each option.)</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Git also keeps a pristine copy of Alice’s master branch under the | |
name "origin/master":</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>bob$ git branch -r | |
origin/master</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If Bob later decides to work from a different host, he can still | |
perform clones and pulls using the ssh protocol:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>bob$ git clone alice.org:/home/alice/project myrepo</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Alternatively, Git has a native protocol, or can use http; | |
see <a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a> for details.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Git can also be used in a CVS-like mode, with a central repository | |
that various users push changes to; see <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a> and | |
<a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>.</p></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_exploring_history">Exploring history</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Git history is represented as a series of interrelated commits. We | |
have already seen that the <em>git log</em> command can list those commits. | |
Note that first line of each git log entry also gives a name for the | |
commit:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git log | |
commit c82a22c39cbc32576f64f5c6b3f24b99ea8149c7 | |
Author: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> | |
Date: Tue May 16 17:18:22 2006 -0700 | |
merge-base: Clarify the comments on post processing.</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>We can give this name to <em>git show</em> to see the details about this | |
commit.</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git show c82a22c39cbc32576f64f5c6b3f24b99ea8149c7</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>But there are other ways to refer to commits. You can use any initial | |
part of the name that is long enough to uniquely identify the commit:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git show c82a22c39c # the first few characters of the name are | |
# usually enough | |
$ git show HEAD # the tip of the current branch | |
$ git show experimental # the tip of the "experimental" branch</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Every commit usually has one "parent" commit | |
which points to the previous state of the project:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git show HEAD^ # to see the parent of HEAD | |
$ git show HEAD^^ # to see the grandparent of HEAD | |
$ git show HEAD~4 # to see the great-great grandparent of HEAD</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that merge commits may have more than one parent:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git show HEAD^1 # show the first parent of HEAD (same as HEAD^) | |
$ git show HEAD^2 # show the second parent of HEAD</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can also give commits names of your own; after running</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git tag v2.5 1b2e1d63ff</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>you can refer to 1b2e1d63ff by the name "v2.5". If you intend to | |
share this name with other people (for example, to identify a release | |
version), you should create a "tag" object, and perhaps sign it; see | |
<a href="git-tag.html">git-tag(1)</a> for details.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Any Git command that needs to know a commit can take any of these | |
names. For example:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git diff v2.5 HEAD # compare the current HEAD to v2.5 | |
$ git branch stable v2.5 # start a new branch named "stable" based | |
# at v2.5 | |
$ git reset --hard HEAD^ # reset your current branch and working | |
# directory to its state at HEAD^</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Be careful with that last command: in addition to losing any changes | |
in the working directory, it will also remove all later commits from | |
this branch. If this branch is the only branch containing those | |
commits, they will be lost. Also, don’t use <em>git reset</em> on a | |
publicly-visible branch that other developers pull from, as it will | |
force needless merges on other developers to clean up the history. | |
If you need to undo changes that you have pushed, use <em>git revert</em> | |
instead.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>git grep</em> command can search for strings in any version of your | |
project, so</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git grep "hello" v2.5</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>searches for all occurrences of "hello" in v2.5.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you leave out the commit name, <em>git grep</em> will search any of the | |
files it manages in your current directory. So</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git grep "hello"</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>is a quick way to search just the files that are tracked by Git.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Many Git commands also take sets of commits, which can be specified | |
in a number of ways. Here are some examples with <em>git log</em>:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git log v2.5..v2.6 # commits between v2.5 and v2.6 | |
$ git log v2.5.. # commits since v2.5 | |
$ git log --since="2 weeks ago" # commits from the last 2 weeks | |
$ git log v2.5.. Makefile # commits since v2.5 which modify | |
# Makefile</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can also give <em>git log</em> a "range" of commits where the first is not | |
necessarily an ancestor of the second; for example, if the tips of | |
the branches "stable" and "master" diverged from a common | |
commit some time ago, then</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git log stable..master</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>will list commits made in the master branch but not in the | |
stable branch, while</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git log master..stable</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>will show the list of commits made on the stable branch but not | |
the master branch.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>git log</em> command has a weakness: it must present commits in a | |
list. When the history has lines of development that diverged and | |
then merged back together, the order in which <em>git log</em> presents | |
those commits is meaningless.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Most projects with multiple contributors (such as the Linux kernel, | |
or Git itself) have frequent merges, and <em>gitk</em> does a better job of | |
visualizing their history. For example,</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ gitk --since="2 weeks ago" drivers/</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>allows you to browse any commits from the last 2 weeks of commits | |
that modified files under the "drivers" directory. (Note: you can | |
adjust gitk’s fonts by holding down the control key while pressing | |
"-" or "+".)</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Finally, most commands that take filenames will optionally allow you | |
to precede any filename by a commit, to specify a particular version | |
of the file:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git diff v2.5:Makefile HEAD:Makefile.in</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can also use <em>git show</em> to see any such file:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git show v2.5:Makefile</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_next_steps">Next Steps</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>This tutorial should be enough to perform basic distributed revision | |
control for your projects. However, to fully understand the depth | |
and power of Git you need to understand two simple ideas on which it | |
is based:</p></div> | |
<div class="ulist"><ul> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
The object database is the rather elegant system used to | |
store the history of your project—files, directories, and | |
commits. | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
The index file is a cache of the state of a directory tree, | |
used to create commits, check out working directories, and | |
hold the various trees involved in a merge. | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
</ul></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Part two of this tutorial explains the object | |
database, the index file, and a few other odds and ends that you’ll | |
need to make the most of Git. You can find it at <a href="gittutorial-2.html">gittutorial-2(7)</a>.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you don’t want to continue with that right away, a few other | |
digressions that may be interesting at this point are:</p></div> | |
<div class="ulist"><ul> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
<a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a>, <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a>: These convert | |
series of git commits into emailed patches, and vice versa, | |
useful for projects such as the Linux kernel which rely heavily | |
on emailed patches. | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
<a href="git-bisect.html">git-bisect(1)</a>: When there is a regression in your | |
project, one way to track down the bug is by searching through | |
the history to find the exact commit that’s to blame. Git bisect | |
can help you perform a binary search for that commit. It is | |
smart enough to perform a close-to-optimal search even in the | |
case of complex non-linear history with lots of merged branches. | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
<a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a>: Gives an overview of recommended | |
workflows. | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
<a href="giteveryday.html">giteveryday(7)</a>: Everyday Git with 20 Commands Or So. | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
<a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>: Git for CVS users. | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
</ul></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p><a href="gittutorial-2.html">gittutorial-2(7)</a>, | |
<a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>, | |
<a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>, | |
<a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>, | |
<a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a>, | |
<a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a>, | |
<a href="giteveryday.html">giteveryday(7)</a>, | |
<a href="user-manual.html">The Git User’s Manual</a></p></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div id="footnotes"><hr /></div> | |
<div id="footer"> | |
<div id="footer-text"> | |
Last updated | |
2018-01-26 15:11:04 PST | |
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