Generic Mutex Subsystem

started by Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
updated by Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr@hp.com>

What are mutexes?
-----------------

In the Linux kernel, mutexes refer to a particular locking primitive
that enforces serialization on shared memory systems, and not only to
the generic term referring to 'mutual exclusion' found in academia
or similar theoretical text books. Mutexes are sleeping locks which
behave similarly to binary semaphores, and were introduced in 2006[1]
as an alternative to these. This new data structure provided a number
of advantages, including simpler interfaces, and at that time smaller
code (see Disadvantages).

[1] http://lwn.net/Articles/164802/

Implementation
--------------

Mutexes are represented by 'struct mutex', defined in include/linux/mutex.h
and implemented in kernel/locking/mutex.c. These locks use a three
state atomic counter (->count) to represent the different possible
transitions that can occur during the lifetime of a lock:

	  1: unlocked
	  0: locked, no waiters
   negative: locked, with potential waiters

In its most basic form it also includes a wait-queue and a spinlock
that serializes access to it. CONFIG_SMP systems can also include
a pointer to the lock task owner (->owner) as well as a spinner MCS
lock (->osq), both described below in (ii).

When acquiring a mutex, there are three possible paths that can be
taken, depending on the state of the lock:

(i) fastpath: tries to atomically acquire the lock by decrementing the
    counter. If it was already taken by another task it goes to the next
    possible path. This logic is architecture specific. On x86-64, the
    locking fastpath is 2 instructions:

    0000000000000e10 <mutex_lock>:
    e21:   f0 ff 0b                lock decl (%rbx)
    e24:   79 08                   jns    e2e <mutex_lock+0x1e>

   the unlocking fastpath is equally tight:

    0000000000000bc0 <mutex_unlock>:
    bc8:   f0 ff 07                lock incl (%rdi)
    bcb:   7f 0a                   jg     bd7 <mutex_unlock+0x17>


(ii) midpath: aka optimistic spinning, tries to spin for acquisition
     while the lock owner is running and there are no other tasks ready
     to run that have higher priority (need_resched). The rationale is
     that if the lock owner is running, it is likely to release the lock
     soon. The mutex spinners are queued up using MCS lock so that only
     one spinner can compete for the mutex.

     The MCS lock (proposed by Mellor-Crummey and Scott) is a simple spinlock
     with the desirable properties of being fair and with each cpu trying
     to acquire the lock spinning on a local variable. It avoids expensive
     cacheline bouncing that common test-and-set spinlock implementations
     incur. An MCS-like lock is specially tailored for optimistic spinning
     for sleeping lock implementation. An important feature of the customized
     MCS lock is that it has the extra property that spinners are able to exit
     the MCS spinlock queue when they need to reschedule. This further helps
     avoid situations where MCS spinners that need to reschedule would continue
     waiting to spin on mutex owner, only to go directly to slowpath upon
     obtaining the MCS lock.


(iii) slowpath: last resort, if the lock is still unable to be acquired,
      the task is added to the wait-queue and sleeps until woken up by the
      unlock path. Under normal circumstances it blocks as TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE.

While formally kernel mutexes are sleepable locks, it is path (ii) that
makes them more practically a hybrid type. By simply not interrupting a
task and busy-waiting for a few cycles instead of immediately sleeping,
the performance of this lock has been seen to significantly improve a
number of workloads. Note that this technique is also used for rw-semaphores.

Semantics
---------

The mutex subsystem checks and enforces the following rules:

    - Only one task can hold the mutex at a time.
    - Only the owner can unlock the mutex.
    - Multiple unlocks are not permitted.
    - Recursive locking/unlocking is not permitted.
    - A mutex must only be initialized via the API (see below).
    - A task may not exit with a mutex held.
    - Memory areas where held locks reside must not be freed.
    - Held mutexes must not be reinitialized.
    - Mutexes may not be used in hardware or software interrupt
      contexts such as tasklets and timers.

These semantics are fully enforced when CONFIG DEBUG_MUTEXES is enabled.
In addition, the mutex debugging code also implements a number of other
features that make lock debugging easier and faster:

    - Uses symbolic names of mutexes, whenever they are printed
      in debug output.
    - Point-of-acquire tracking, symbolic lookup of function names,
      list of all locks held in the system, printout of them.
    - Owner tracking.
    - Detects self-recursing locks and prints out all relevant info.
    - Detects multi-task circular deadlocks and prints out all affected
      locks and tasks (and only those tasks).


Interfaces
----------
Statically define the mutex:
   DEFINE_MUTEX(name);

Dynamically initialize the mutex:
   mutex_init(mutex);

Acquire the mutex, uninterruptible:
   void mutex_lock(struct mutex *lock);
   void mutex_lock_nested(struct mutex *lock, unsigned int subclass);
   int  mutex_trylock(struct mutex *lock);

Acquire the mutex, interruptible:
   int mutex_lock_interruptible_nested(struct mutex *lock,
				       unsigned int subclass);
   int mutex_lock_interruptible(struct mutex *lock);

Acquire the mutex, interruptible, if dec to 0:
   int atomic_dec_and_mutex_lock(atomic_t *cnt, struct mutex *lock);

Unlock the mutex:
   void mutex_unlock(struct mutex *lock);

Test if the mutex is taken:
   int mutex_is_locked(struct mutex *lock);

Disadvantages
-------------

Unlike its original design and purpose, 'struct mutex' is larger than
most locks in the kernel. E.g: on x86-64 it is 40 bytes, almost twice
as large as 'struct semaphore' (24 bytes) and 8 bytes shy of the
'struct rw_semaphore' variant. Larger structure sizes mean more CPU
cache and memory footprint.

When to use mutexes
-------------------

Unless the strict semantics of mutexes are unsuitable and/or the critical
region prevents the lock from being shared, always prefer them to any other
locking primitive.