Written by: Neil Brown
Please see MAINTAINERS file for where to send questions.

Overlay Filesystem
==================

This document describes a prototype for a new approach to providing
overlay-filesystem functionality in Linux (sometimes referred to as
union-filesystems).  An overlay-filesystem tries to present a
filesystem which is the result over overlaying one filesystem on top
of the other.

The result will inevitably fail to look exactly like a normal
filesystem for various technical reasons.  The expectation is that
many use cases will be able to ignore these differences.

This approach is 'hybrid' because the objects that appear in the
filesystem do not all appear to belong to that filesystem.  In many
cases an object accessed in the union will be indistinguishable
from accessing the corresponding object from the original filesystem.
This is most obvious from the 'st_dev' field returned by stat(2).

While directories will report an st_dev from the overlay-filesystem,
non-directory objects may report an st_dev from the lower filesystem or
upper filesystem that is providing the object.  Similarly st_ino will
only be unique when combined with st_dev, and both of these can change
over the lifetime of a non-directory object.  Many applications and
tools ignore these values and will not be affected.

In the special case of all overlay layers on the same underlying
filesystem, all objects will report an st_dev from the overlay
filesystem and st_ino from the underlying filesystem.  This will
make the overlay mount more compliant with filesystem scanners and
overlay objects will be distinguishable from the corresponding
objects in the original filesystem.

Upper and Lower
---------------

An overlay filesystem combines two filesystems - an 'upper' filesystem
and a 'lower' filesystem.  When a name exists in both filesystems, the
object in the 'upper' filesystem is visible while the object in the
'lower' filesystem is either hidden or, in the case of directories,
merged with the 'upper' object.

It would be more correct to refer to an upper and lower 'directory
tree' rather than 'filesystem' as it is quite possible for both
directory trees to be in the same filesystem and there is no
requirement that the root of a filesystem be given for either upper or
lower.

The lower filesystem can be any filesystem supported by Linux and does
not need to be writable.  The lower filesystem can even be another
overlayfs.  The upper filesystem will normally be writable and if it
is it must support the creation of trusted.* extended attributes, and
must provide valid d_type in readdir responses, so NFS is not suitable.

A read-only overlay of two read-only filesystems may use any
filesystem type.

Directories
-----------

Overlaying mainly involves directories.  If a given name appears in both
upper and lower filesystems and refers to a non-directory in either,
then the lower object is hidden - the name refers only to the upper
object.

Where both upper and lower objects are directories, a merged directory
is formed.

At mount time, the two directories given as mount options "lowerdir" and
"upperdir" are combined into a merged directory:

  mount -t overlay overlay -olowerdir=/lower,upperdir=/upper,\
  workdir=/work /merged

The "workdir" needs to be an empty directory on the same filesystem
as upperdir.

Then whenever a lookup is requested in such a merged directory, the
lookup is performed in each actual directory and the combined result
is cached in the dentry belonging to the overlay filesystem.  If both
actual lookups find directories, both are stored and a merged
directory is created, otherwise only one is stored: the upper if it
exists, else the lower.

Only the lists of names from directories are merged.  Other content
such as metadata and extended attributes are reported for the upper
directory only.  These attributes of the lower directory are hidden.

whiteouts and opaque directories
--------------------------------

In order to support rm and rmdir without changing the lower
filesystem, an overlay filesystem needs to record in the upper filesystem
that files have been removed.  This is done using whiteouts and opaque
directories (non-directories are always opaque).

A whiteout is created as a character device with 0/0 device number.
When a whiteout is found in the upper level of a merged directory, any
matching name in the lower level is ignored, and the whiteout itself
is also hidden.

A directory is made opaque by setting the xattr "trusted.overlay.opaque"
to "y".  Where the upper filesystem contains an opaque directory, any
directory in the lower filesystem with the same name is ignored.

readdir
-------

When a 'readdir' request is made on a merged directory, the upper and
lower directories are each read and the name lists merged in the
obvious way (upper is read first, then lower - entries that already
exist are not re-added).  This merged name list is cached in the
'struct file' and so remains as long as the file is kept open.  If the
directory is opened and read by two processes at the same time, they
will each have separate caches.  A seekdir to the start of the
directory (offset 0) followed by a readdir will cause the cache to be
discarded and rebuilt.

This means that changes to the merged directory do not appear while a
directory is being read.  This is unlikely to be noticed by many
programs.

seek offsets are assigned sequentially when the directories are read.
Thus if

  - read part of a directory
  - remember an offset, and close the directory
  - re-open the directory some time later
  - seek to the remembered offset

there may be little correlation between the old and new locations in
the list of filenames, particularly if anything has changed in the
directory.

Readdir on directories that are not merged is simply handled by the
underlying directory (upper or lower).

renaming directories
--------------------

When renaming a directory that is on the lower layer or merged (i.e. the
directory was not created on the upper layer to start with) overlayfs can
handle it in two different ways:

1. return EXDEV error: this error is returned by rename(2) when trying to
   move a file or directory across filesystem boundaries.  Hence
   applications are usually prepared to hande this error (mv(1) for example
   recursively copies the directory tree).  This is the default behavior.

2. If the "redirect_dir" feature is enabled, then the directory will be
   copied up (but not the contents).  Then the "trusted.overlay.redirect"
   extended attribute is set to the path of the original location from the
   root of the overlay.  Finally the directory is moved to the new
   location.

Non-directories
---------------

Objects that are not directories (files, symlinks, device-special
files etc.) are presented either from the upper or lower filesystem as
appropriate.  When a file in the lower filesystem is accessed in a way
the requires write-access, such as opening for write access, changing
some metadata etc., the file is first copied from the lower filesystem
to the upper filesystem (copy_up).  Note that creating a hard-link
also requires copy_up, though of course creation of a symlink does
not.

The copy_up may turn out to be unnecessary, for example if the file is
opened for read-write but the data is not modified.

The copy_up process first makes sure that the containing directory
exists in the upper filesystem - creating it and any parents as
necessary.  It then creates the object with the same metadata (owner,
mode, mtime, symlink-target etc.) and then if the object is a file, the
data is copied from the lower to the upper filesystem.  Finally any
extended attributes are copied up.

Once the copy_up is complete, the overlay filesystem simply
provides direct access to the newly created file in the upper
filesystem - future operations on the file are barely noticed by the
overlay filesystem (though an operation on the name of the file such as
rename or unlink will of course be noticed and handled).


Multiple lower layers
---------------------

Multiple lower layers can now be given using the the colon (":") as a
separator character between the directory names.  For example:

  mount -t overlay overlay -olowerdir=/lower1:/lower2:/lower3 /merged

As the example shows, "upperdir=" and "workdir=" may be omitted.  In
that case the overlay will be read-only.

The specified lower directories will be stacked beginning from the
rightmost one and going left.  In the above example lower1 will be the
top, lower2 the middle and lower3 the bottom layer.


Sharing and copying layers
--------------------------

Lower layers may be shared among several overlay mounts and that is indeed
a very common practice.  An overlay mount may use the same lower layer
path as another overlay mount and it may use a lower layer path that is
beneath or above the path of another overlay lower layer path.

Using an upper layer path and/or a workdir path that are already used by
another overlay mount is not allowed and will fail with EBUSY.  Using
partially overlapping paths is not allowed but will not fail with EBUSY.

Mounting an overlay using an upper layer path, where the upper layer path
was previously used by another mounted overlay in combination with a
different lower layer path, is allowed, unless the "inodes index" feature
is enabled.

With the "inodes index" feature, on the first time mount, an NFS file
handle of the lower layer root directory, along with the UUID of the lower
filesystem, are encoded and stored in the "trusted.overlay.origin" extended
attribute on the upper layer root directory.  On subsequent mount attempts,
the lower root directory file handle and lower filesystem UUID are compared
to the stored origin in upper root directory.  On failure to verify the
lower root origin, mount will fail with ESTALE.  An overlayfs mount with
"inodes index" enabled will fail with EOPNOTSUPP if the lower filesystem
does not support NFS export, lower filesystem does not have a valid UUID or
if the upper filesystem does not support extended attributes.

It is quite a common practice to copy overlay layers to a different
directory tree on the same or different underlying filesystem, and even
to a different machine.  With the "inodes index" feature, trying to mount
the copied layers will fail the verification of the lower root file handle.


Non-standard behavior
---------------------

The copy_up operation essentially creates a new, identical file and
moves it over to the old name.  The new file may be on a different
filesystem, so both st_dev and st_ino of the file may change.

Any open files referring to this inode will access the old data.

If a file with multiple hard links is copied up, then this will
"break" the link.  Changes will not be propagated to other names
referring to the same inode.

Unless "redirect_dir" feature is enabled, rename(2) on a lower or merged
directory will fail with EXDEV.

Changes to underlying filesystems
---------------------------------

Offline changes, when the overlay is not mounted, are allowed to either
the upper or the lower trees.

Changes to the underlying filesystems while part of a mounted overlay
filesystem are not allowed.  If the underlying filesystem is changed,
the behavior of the overlay is undefined, though it will not result in
a crash or deadlock.

Testsuite
---------

There's testsuite developed by David Howells at:

  git://git.infradead.org/users/dhowells/unionmount-testsuite.git

Run as root:

  # cd unionmount-testsuite
  # ./run --ov