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| .TH STANDARDS 7 2007-11-15 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual" |
| .SH NAME |
| standards \- C and UNIX Standards |
| .SH DESCRIPTION |
| The CONFORMING TO section that appears in many manual pages identifies |
| various standards to which the documented interface conforms. |
| The following list briefly describes these standards. |
| .TP |
| .B V7 |
| Version 7, the ancestral UNIX from Bell Labs. |
| .TP |
| .B 4.2BSD |
| This is an implementation standard defined by the 4.2 release |
| of the |
| .IR "Berkeley Software Distribution", |
| released by the University of California at Berkeley. |
| This was the first Berkeley release that contained a TCP/IP |
| stack and the sockets API. |
| 4.2BSD was released in 1983. |
| |
| Earlier major BSD releases included \fI3BSD\fP (1980), \fI4BSD\fP (1980), |
| and \fI4.1BSD\fP (1981). |
| .TP |
| .B 4.3BSD |
| The successor to 4.2BSD, released in 1986. |
| .TP |
| .B 4.4BSD |
| The successor to 4.3BSD, released in 1993. |
| This was the last major Berkeley release. |
| .TP |
| .B System V |
| This is an implementation standard defined by AT&T's milestone 1983 |
| release of its commercial System V (five) release. |
| The previous major AT&T release was |
| .IR "System III" , |
| released in 1981. |
| .TP |
| .B System V release 2 (SVr2) |
| This was the next System V release, made in 1985. |
| The SVr2 was formally described in the |
| .I "System V Interface Definition version 1" |
| .RI ( "SVID 1" ) |
| published in 1985. |
| .TP |
| .B System V release 3 (SVr3) |
| This was the successor to SVr2, released in 1986. |
| This release was formally described in the |
| .I "System V Interface Definition version 2" |
| .RI ( "SVID 2" ). |
| .TP |
| .B System V release 4 (SVr4) |
| This was the successor to SVr3, released in 1989. |
| This version of System V is described in the "Programmer's Reference |
| Manual: Operating System API (Intel processors)" (Prentice-Hall |
| 1992, ISBN 0-13-951294-2) |
| This release was formally described in the |
| .I "System V Interface Definition version 3" |
| .RI ( "SVID 3" ), |
| and is considered the definitive System V release. |
| .TP |
| .B SVID 4 |
| System V Interface Definition version 4, issued in 1995. |
| Available online at http://www.sco.com/developers/devspecs/ . |
| .TP |
| .B C89 |
| This was the first C language standard, ratified by ANSI |
| (American National Standards Institute) in 1989 |
| .RI ( X3.159-1989 ). |
| Sometimes this is known as |
| .IR "ANSI C" , |
| but since C99 is also an |
| ANSI standard, this term is ambiguous. |
| This standard was also ratified by |
| ISO (International Standards Organization) in 1990 |
| .RI ( "ISO/IEC 9899:1990" ), |
| and is thus occasionally referred to as |
| .IR "ISO C90" . |
| .TP |
| .B C99 |
| This revision of the C language standard was ratified by ISO in 1999 |
| .RI ( "ISO/IEC 9899:1999" ). |
| Available online at |
| http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards. |
| .TP |
| .B POSIX.1-1990 |
| "Portable Operating System Interface for Computing Environments". |
| IEEE 1003.1-1990 part 1, ratified by ISO in 1990 |
| .RI ( "ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990" ). |
| Further information can be found |
| in Donald Lewine's "POSIX Programmer's Guide" (O'Reilly & Associates, |
| Inc., 1991, ISBN 0-937175-73-0). |
| The term "POSIX" was coined by Richard Stallman. |
| .TP |
| .B POSIX.2 |
| IEEE Std 1003.2-1992, |
| describing commands and utilities, ratified by ISO in 1993 |
| .RI ( "ISO/IEC 9945-2:1993" ). |
| .TP |
| .BR POSIX.1b " (formerly known as \fIPOSIX.4\fP)" |
| IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993 |
| describing real-time facilities |
| for portable operating systems, ratified by ISO in 1996 |
| .RI ( "ISO/IEC 9945-1:1996" ). |
| For further information, see |
| "POSIX.4: Programming for the real world" |
| by Bill O. Gallmeister (O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. ISBN 1-56592-074-0). |
| .TP |
| .B POSIX.1c |
| IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995 describing the POSIX threads interfaces. |
| .TP |
| .B POSIX.1d |
| IEEE Std 1003.1c-1999 describing additional real-time extensions. |
| .TP |
| .B POSIX.1g |
| IEEE Std 1003.1g-2000 describing networking APIs (including sockets). |
| .TP |
| .B POSIX.1j |
| IEEE Std 1003.1j-2000 describing advanced real-time extensions. |
| .TP |
| .B POSIX.1-1996 |
| A 1996 revision of POSIX.1 which incorporated POSIX.1b and POSIX.1c. |
| .TP |
| .B XPG3 |
| Released in 1989, this was the first significant release of the |
| .IR "X/Open Portability Guide" , |
| produced by the |
| X/Open Company, a multi-vendor consortium. |
| This multi-volume guide was based on the POSIX standards. |
| .TP |
| .B XPG4 |
| A revision of the X/Open Portability Guide, released in 1992. |
| .TP |
| .B XPG4v2 |
| A 1994 revision of XPG4. |
| This is also referred to as |
| .IR "Spec 1170" , |
| where 1170 referred to the number of interfaces |
| defined by this standard. |
| .TP |
| .B SUS (SUSv1) |
| Single UNIX Specification. |
| This was a repackaging of XPG4v2 and other X/Open standards |
| (X/Open Curses Issue 4 version 2, |
| X/Open Networking Service (XNS) Issue 4). |
| Systems conforming to this standard can be branded |
| .IR "UNIX 95" . |
| .TP |
| .B SUSv2 |
| Single UNIX Specification version 2. |
| Sometimes also referred to as |
| .IR XPG5 . |
| This standard appeared in 1997. |
| Systems conforming to this standard can be branded |
| .IR "UNIX 98" . |
| See also |
| http://www.UNIX-systems.org/version2/ .) |
| .TP |
| .B POSIX.1-2001, SUSv3 |
| This was a 2001 revision and consolidation of the |
| POSIX.1, POSIX.2, and SUS standards into a single document, |
| conducted under the auspices of the Austin group |
| (http://www.opengroup.org/austin/ .) |
| The standard is available online at |
| http://www.unix-systems.org/version3/ , |
| and the interfaces that it describes are also available in the Linux |
| manual pages package under sections 1p and 3p (e.g., "man 3p open"). |
| |
| The standard defines two levels of conformance: |
| .IR "POSIX conformance" , |
| which is a baseline set of interfaces required of a conforming system; |
| and |
| .IR "XSI Conformance", |
| which additionally mandates a set of interfaces |
| (the "XSI extension") which are only optional for POSIX conformance. |
| XSI-conformant systems can be branded |
| .IR "UNIX 03" . |
| (XSI conformance constitutes the |
| .I "Single UNIX Specification version 3" |
| .RI ( SUSv3 ).) |
| |
| The POSIX.1-2001 document is broken into four parts: |
| |
| .BR XBD : |
| Definitions, terms and concepts, header file specifications. |
| |
| .BR XSH : |
| Specifications of functions (i.e., system calls and library |
| functions in actual implementations). |
| |
| .BR XCU : |
| Specifications of commands and utilities |
| (i.e., the area formerly described by POSIX.2). |
| |
| .BR XRAT : |
| Informative text on the other parts of the standard. |
| |
| POSIX.1-2001 is aligned with C99, so that all of the |
| library functions standardized in C99 are also |
| standardized in POSIX.1-2001. |
| |
| Two Technical Corrigenda (minor fixes and improvements) |
| of the original 2001 standard have occurred: |
| TC1 in 2003 (referred to as |
| .IR POSIX.1-2003 ), |
| and TC2 in 2004 (referred to as |
| .IR POSIX.1-2004 ). |
| .\" FIXME . Eventually we need to update the text on POSIX.1-200[89]/SUSv4 |
| .TP |
| .B POSIX.1-200x, SUSv4 |
| Work is currently in progress on the next revision of POSIX.1/SUS. |
| The balloting on the revision is expected to be completed in 2008, |
| so that the revision is likely to be named POSIX.1-2008. |
| |
| The changes in this revision are not as large as those |
| that occurred for POSIX.1-2001/SUSv3, |
| but a number of new interfaces are added |
| and various details of existing specifications are modified. |
| Many of the interfaces that were optional in |
| POSIX.1-2001 become mandatory in the next revision of the standard. |
| |
| The revised standard is broken into the same four parts as POSIX.1-2001, |
| and again there are two levels of conformance: the baseline |
| .IR "POSIX Conformance" , |
| and |
| .IR "XSI Conformance" , |
| which mandates an additional set of interfaces |
| beyond those in the base specification. |
| |
| Further information can be found on the Austin group web site, |
| http://www.opengroup.org/austin/ . |
| .SH "SEE ALSO" |
| .BR feature_test_macros (7), |
| .BR posixoptions (7) |