git-checkout.adoc

git-checkout(1)
===============

NAME
----
git-checkout - Switch branches or restore working tree files

SYNOPSIS
--------
[synopsis]
git checkout [-q] [-f] [-m] [<branch>]
git checkout [-q] [-f] [-m] --detach [<branch>]
git checkout [-q] [-f] [-m] [--detach] <commit>
git checkout [-q] [-f] [-m] [[-b|-B|--orphan] <new-branch>] [<start-point>]
git checkout <tree-ish> [--] <pathspec>...
git checkout <tree-ish> --pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]
git checkout [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [--] <pathspec>...
git checkout [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] --pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]
git checkout (-p|--patch) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<pathspec>...]

DESCRIPTION
-----------

`git checkout` has two main modes:

1. **Switch branches**, with `git checkout <branch>`
2. **Restore a different version of a file**, for example with
   `git checkout <commit> <filename>` or `git checkout <filename>`

See ARGUMENT DISAMBIGUATION below for how Git decides which one to do.

`git checkout [<branch>]`::
	Switch to _<branch>_. This sets the current branch to _<branch>_ and
	updates the files in your working directory. The checkout will fail
	if there are uncommitted changes to any files where _<branch>_ and
	your current commit have different content. Uncommitted changes will
	otherwise be kept.
+
If _<branch>_ is not found but there does exist a tracking branch in
exactly one remote (call it _<remote>_) with a matching name and
`--no-guess` is not specified, treat as equivalent to
+
------------
$ git checkout -b <branch> --track <remote>/<branch>
------------
+
Running `git checkout` without specifying a branch has no effect except
to print out the tracking information for the current branch.

`git checkout -b <new-branch> [<start-point>]`::

	Create a new branch named _<new-branch>_, start it at _<start-point>_
	(defaults to the current commit), and check out the new branch.
	You can use the `--track` or `--no-track` options to set the branch's
	upstream tracking information.
+
This will fail if there's an error checking out _<new-branch>_, for
example if checking out the `<start-point>` commit would overwrite your
uncommitted changes.

`git checkout -B <branch> [<start-point>]`::

	The same as `-b`, except that if the branch already exists it
	resets _<branch>_ to the start point instead of failing.

`git checkout --detach [<branch>]`::
`git checkout [--detach] <commit>`::

	The same as `git checkout <branch>`, except that instead of pointing
	`HEAD` at the branch, it points `HEAD` at the commit ID.
	See the "DETACHED HEAD" section below for more.
+
Omitting _<branch>_ detaches `HEAD` at the tip of the current branch.

`git checkout <tree-ish> [--] <pathspec>...`::
`git checkout <tree-ish> --pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]`::

	Replace the specified files and/or directories with the version from
	the given commit or tree and add them to the index
	(also known as "staging area").
+
For example, `git checkout main file.txt` will replace `file.txt`
with the version from `main`.

`git checkout [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [--] <pathspec>...`::
`git checkout [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] --pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]`::

	Replace the specified files and/or directories with the version from
	the index.
+
For example, if you check out a commit, edit `file.txt`, and then
decide those changes were a mistake, `git checkout file.txt` will
discard any unstaged changes to `file.txt`.
+
This will fail if the file has a merge conflict and you haven't yet run
`git add file.txt` (or something equivalent) to mark it as resolved.
You can use `-f` to ignore the unmerged files instead of failing, use
`--ours` or `--theirs` to replace them with the version from a specific
side of the merge, or use `-m` to replace them with the original
conflicted merge result.

`git checkout (-p|--patch) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<pathspec>...]`::
	This is similar to the previous two modes, but lets you use the
	interactive interface to show the "diff" output and choose which
	hunks to use in the result.  See below for the description of
	`--patch` option.

OPTIONS
-------
`-q`::
`--quiet`::
	Quiet, suppress feedback messages.

`--progress`::
`--no-progress`::
	Progress status is reported on the standard error stream
	by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless `--quiet`
	is specified. This flag enables progress reporting even if not
	attached to a terminal, regardless of `--quiet`.

`-f`::
`--force`::
	When switching branches, proceed even if the index or the
	working tree differs from `HEAD`, and even if there are untracked
	files in the way.  This is used to throw away local changes and
	any untracked files or directories that are in the way.
+
When checking out paths from the index, do not fail upon unmerged
entries; instead, unmerged entries are ignored.

`--ours`::
`--theirs`::
	When checking out paths from the index, check out stage #2
	(`ours`) or #3 (`theirs`) for unmerged paths.
+
Note that during `git rebase` and `git pull --rebase`, `ours` and
`theirs` may appear swapped; `--ours` gives the version from the
branch the changes are rebased onto, while `--theirs` gives the
version from the branch that holds your work that is being rebased.
+
This is because `rebase` is used in a workflow that treats the
history at the remote as the shared canonical one, and treats the
work done on the branch you are rebasing as the third-party work to
be integrated, and you are temporarily assuming the role of the
keeper of the canonical history during the rebase.  As the keeper of
the canonical history, you need to view the history from the remote
as `ours` (i.e. "our shared canonical history"), while what you did
on your side branch as `theirs` (i.e. "one contributor's work on top
of it").

`-b <new-branch>`::
	Create a new branch named _<new-branch>_, start it at
	_<start-point>_, and check the resulting branch out;
	see linkgit:git-branch[1] for details.

`-B <new-branch>`::
	The same as `-b`, except that if the branch already exists it
	resets _<branch>_ to the start point instead of failing.

`-t`::
`--track[=(direct|inherit)]`::
	When creating a new branch, set up "upstream" configuration. See
	`--track` in linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. As a convenience,
	--track without -b implies branch creation.
+
If no `-b` option is given, the name of the new branch will be
derived from the remote-tracking branch, by looking at the local part of
the refspec configured for the corresponding remote, and then stripping
the initial part up to the "*".
This would tell us to use `hack` as the local branch when branching
off of `origin/hack` (or `remotes/origin/hack`, or even
`refs/remotes/origin/hack`).  If the given name has no slash, or the above
guessing results in an empty name, the guessing is aborted.  You can
explicitly give a name with `-b` in such a case.

`--no-track`::
	Do not set up "upstream" configuration, even if the
	`branch.autoSetupMerge` configuration variable is true.

`--guess`::
`--no-guess`::
	If _<branch>_ is not found but there does exist a tracking
	branch in exactly one remote (call it _<remote>_) with a
	matching name, treat as equivalent to
+
------------
$ git checkout -b <branch> --track <remote>/<branch>
------------
+
If the branch exists in multiple remotes and one of them is named by
the `checkout.defaultRemote` configuration variable, we'll use that
one for the purposes of disambiguation, even if the _<branch>_ isn't
unique across all remotes. Set it to
e.g. `checkout.defaultRemote=origin` to always checkout remote
branches from there if _<branch>_ is ambiguous but exists on the
'origin' remote. See also `checkout.defaultRemote` in
linkgit:git-config[1].
+
`--guess` is the default behavior. Use `--no-guess` to disable it.
+
The default behavior can be set via the `checkout.guess` configuration
variable.

`-l`::
	Create the new branch's reflog; see linkgit:git-branch[1] for
	details.

`-d`::
`--detach`::
	Rather than checking out a branch to work on it, check out a
	commit for inspection and discardable experiments.
	This is the default behavior of `git checkout <commit>` when
	_<commit>_ is not a branch name.  See the "DETACHED HEAD" section
	below for details.

`--orphan <new-branch>`::
	Create a new unborn branch, named _<new-branch>_, started from
	_<start-point>_ and switch to it.  The first commit made on this
	new branch will have no parents and it will be the root of a new
	history totally disconnected from all the other branches and
	commits.
+
The index and the working tree are adjusted as if you had previously run
`git checkout <start-point>`.  This allows you to start a new history
that records a set of paths similar to _<start-point>_ by easily running
`git commit -a` to make the root commit.
+
This can be useful when you want to publish the tree from a commit
without exposing its full history. You might want to do this to publish
an open source branch of a project whose current tree is "clean", but
whose full history contains proprietary or otherwise encumbered bits of
code.
+
If you want to start a disconnected history that records a set of paths
that is totally different from the one of _<start-point>_, then you should
clear the index and the working tree right after creating the orphan
branch by running `git rm -rf .` from the top level of the working tree.
Afterwards you will be ready to prepare your new files, repopulating the
working tree, by copying them from elsewhere, extracting a tarball, etc.

`--ignore-skip-worktree-bits`::
	In sparse checkout mode, `git checkout -- <path>...` would
	update only entries matched by _<paths>_ and sparse patterns
	in `$GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout`. This option ignores
	the sparse patterns and adds back any files in `<path>...`.

`-m`::
`--merge`::
	When switching branches,
	if you have local modifications to one or more files that
	are different between the current branch and the branch to
	which you are switching, the command refuses to switch
	branches in order to preserve your modifications in context.
	With this option, the conflicting local changes are
	automatically stashed before the switch and reapplied
	afterwards.  If the local changes do not overlap with the
	differences between branches, the switch proceeds without
	stashing.  If reapplying the stash results in conflicts, the
	entry is saved to the stash list.  Resolve the conflicts
	and run `git stash drop` when done, or clear the working
	tree (e.g. with `git reset --hard`) before running `git stash
	pop` later to re-apply your changes.
+
When checking out paths from the index, this option lets you recreate
the conflicted merge in the specified paths.  This option cannot be
used when checking out paths from a tree-ish.

`--conflict=<style>`::
	The same as `--merge` option above, but changes the way the
	conflicting hunks are presented, overriding the
	`merge.conflictStyle` configuration variable.  Possible values are
	`merge` (default), `diff3`, and `zdiff3`.

`-p`::
`--patch`::
	Interactively select hunks in the difference between the
	_<tree-ish>_ (or the index, if unspecified) and the working
	tree.  The chosen hunks are then applied in reverse to the
	working tree (and if a _<tree-ish>_ was specified, the index).
+
This means that you can use `git checkout -p` to selectively discard
edits from your current working tree. See the "Interactive Mode"
section of linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode.
+
Note that this option uses the no overlay mode by default (see also
`--overlay`), and currently doesn't support overlay mode.

include::diff-context-options.adoc[]

`--ignore-other-worktrees`::
	`git checkout` refuses when the wanted branch is already checked
	out or otherwise in use by another worktree. This option makes
	it check the branch out anyway. In other words, the branch can
	be in use by more than one worktree.

`--overwrite-ignore`::
`--no-overwrite-ignore`::
	Silently overwrite ignored files when switching branches. This
	is the default behavior. Use `--no-overwrite-ignore` to abort
	the operation when the new branch contains ignored files.

`--recurse-submodules`::
`--no-recurse-submodules`::
	Using `--recurse-submodules` will update the content of all active
	submodules according to the commit recorded in the superproject. If
	local modifications in a submodule would be overwritten the checkout
	will fail unless `-f` is used. If nothing (or `--no-recurse-submodules`)
	is used, submodules working trees will not be updated.
	Just like linkgit:git-submodule[1], this will detach `HEAD` of the
	submodule.

`--overlay`::
`--no-overlay`::
	In the default overlay mode, `git checkout` never
	removes files from the index or the working tree.  When
	specifying `--no-overlay`, files that appear in the index and
	working tree, but not in _<tree-ish>_ are removed, to make them
	match _<tree-ish>_ exactly.

`--pathspec-from-file=<file>`::
	Pathspec is passed in _<file>_ instead of commandline args. If
	_<file>_ is exactly `-` then standard input is used. Pathspec
	elements are separated by _LF_ or _CR_/_LF_. Pathspec elements can be
	quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath`
	(see linkgit:git-config[1]). See also `--pathspec-file-nul` and
	global `--literal-pathspecs`.

`--pathspec-file-nul`::
	Only meaningful with `--pathspec-from-file`. Pathspec elements are
	separated with _NUL_ character and all other characters are taken
	literally (including newlines and quotes).

`<branch>`::
	Branch to checkout; if it refers to a branch (i.e., a name that,
	when prepended with "refs/heads/", is a valid ref), then that
	branch is checked out. Otherwise, if it refers to a valid
	commit, your `HEAD` becomes "detached" and you are no longer on
	any branch (see below for details).
+
You can use the `@{-N}` syntax to refer to the N-th last
branch/commit checked out using "git checkout" operation. You may
also specify `-` which is synonymous to `@{-1}`.
+
As a special case, you may use `<rev-a>...<rev-b>` as a shortcut for the
merge base of _<rev-a>_ and _<rev-b>_ if there is exactly one merge base. You can
leave out at most one of _<rev-a>_ and _<rev-b>_, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`.

_<new-branch>_::
	Name for the new branch.

_<start-point>_::
	The name of a commit at which to start the new branch; see
	linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. Defaults to `HEAD`.
+
As a special case, you may use `<rev-a>...<rev-b>` as a shortcut for the
merge base of _<rev-a>_ and _<rev-b>_ if there is exactly one merge base. You can
leave out at most one of _<rev-a>_ and _<rev-b>_, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`.

_<tree-ish>_::
	Tree to checkout from (when paths are given). If not specified,
	the index will be used.
+
As a special case, you may use `<rev-a>...<rev-b>` as a shortcut for the
merge base of _<rev-a>_ and _<rev-b>_ if there is exactly one merge base. You can
leave out at most one of _<rev-a>_ and _<rev-b>_, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`.

`--`::
	Do not interpret any more arguments as options.

`<pathspec>...`::
	Limits the paths affected by the operation.
+
For more details, see the 'pathspec' entry in linkgit:gitglossary[7].

DETACHED HEAD
-------------
`HEAD` normally refers to a named branch (e.g. `master`). Meanwhile, each
branch refers to a specific commit. Let's look at a repo with three
commits, one of them tagged, and with branch `master` checked out:

------------
           HEAD (refers to branch 'master')
            |
            v
a---b---c  branch 'master' (refers to commit 'c')
    ^
    |
  tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')
------------

When a commit is created in this state, the branch is updated to refer to
the new commit. Specifically, `git commit` creates a new commit `d`, whose
parent is commit `c`, and then updates branch `master` to refer to new
commit `d`. `HEAD` still refers to branch `master` and so indirectly now refers
to commit `d`:

------------
$ edit; git add; git commit

               HEAD (refers to branch 'master')
                |
                v
a---b---c---d  branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
    ^
    |
  tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')
------------

It is sometimes useful to be able to checkout a commit that is not at
the tip of any named branch, or even to create a new commit that is not
referenced by a named branch. Let's look at what happens when we
checkout commit `b` (here we show two ways this may be done):

------------
$ git checkout v2.0  # or
$ git checkout master^^

   HEAD (refers to commit 'b')
    |
    v
a---b---c---d  branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
    ^
    |
  tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')
------------

Notice that regardless of which checkout command we use, `HEAD` now refers
directly to commit `b`. This is known as being in detached `HEAD` state.
It means simply that `HEAD` refers to a specific commit, as opposed to
referring to a named branch. Let's see what happens when we create a commit:

------------
$ edit; git add; git commit

     HEAD (refers to commit 'e')
      |
      v
      e
     /
a---b---c---d  branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
    ^
    |
  tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')
------------

There is now a new commit `e`, but it is referenced only by `HEAD`. We can
of course add yet another commit in this state:

------------
$ edit; git add; git commit

	 HEAD (refers to commit 'f')
	  |
	  v
      e---f
     /
a---b---c---d  branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
    ^
    |
  tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')
------------

In fact, we can perform all the normal Git operations. But, let's look
at what happens when we then checkout `master`:

------------
$ git checkout master

               HEAD (refers to branch 'master')
      e---f     |
     /          v
a---b---c---d  branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
    ^
    |
  tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')
------------

It is important to realize that at this point nothing refers to commit
`f`. Eventually commit `f` (and by extension commit `e`) will be deleted
by the routine Git garbage collection process, unless we create a reference
before that happens. If we have not yet moved away from commit `f`,
any of these will create a reference to it:

------------
$ git checkout -b foo  # or "git switch -c foo"  <1>
$ git branch foo                                 <2>
$ git tag foo                                    <3>
------------
<1> creates a new branch `foo`, which refers to commit `f`, and then
    updates `HEAD` to refer to branch `foo`. In other words, we'll no longer
    be in detached `HEAD` state after this command.
<2> similarly creates a new branch `foo`, which refers to commit `f`,
    but leaves `HEAD` detached.
<3> creates a new tag `foo`, which refers to commit `f`,
    leaving `HEAD` detached.

If we have moved away from commit `f`, then we must first recover its object
name (typically by using git reflog), and then we can create a reference to
it. For example, to see the last two commits to which `HEAD` referred, we
can use either of these commands:

------------
$ git reflog -2 HEAD # or
$ git log -g -2 HEAD
------------

ARGUMENT DISAMBIGUATION
-----------------------

When you run `git checkout <something>`, Git tries to guess whether
_<something>_ is intended to be a branch, a commit, or a set of file(s),
and then either switches to that branch or commit, or restores the
specified files.

If there's any ambiguity, Git will treat `<something>` as a branch or
commit, but you can use the double dash `--` to force Git to treat the
parameter as a list of files and/or directories, like this:

----------
git checkout -- file.txt
----------

EXAMPLES
--------

=== 1. Paths

The following sequence checks out the `master` branch, reverts
the `Makefile` to two revisions back, deletes `hello.c` by
mistake, and gets it back from the index.

------------
$ git checkout master             <1>
$ git checkout master~2 Makefile  <2>
$ rm -f hello.c
$ git checkout hello.c            <3>
------------
<1> switch branch
<2> take a file out of another commit
<3> restore `hello.c` from the index

If you want to check out _all_ C source files out of the index,
you can say

------------
$ git checkout -- '*.c'
------------

Note the quotes around `*.c`.  The file `hello.c` will also be
checked out, even though it is no longer in the working tree,
because the file globbing is used to match entries in the index
(not in the working tree by the shell).

If you have an unfortunate branch that is named `hello.c`, this
step would be confused as an instruction to switch to that branch.
You should instead write:

------------
$ git checkout -- hello.c
------------

=== 2. Merge

After working in the wrong branch, switching to the correct
branch would be done using:

------------
$ git checkout mytopic
------------

However, your "wrong" branch and correct `mytopic` branch may
differ in files that you have modified locally, in which case
the above checkout would fail like this:

------------
$ git checkout mytopic
error: You have local changes to 'frotz'; not switching branches.
------------

You can give the `-m` flag to the command, which will carry your local
changes to the new branch:

------------
$ git checkout -m mytopic
Applied autostash.
Switched to branch 'mytopic'
The following paths have local changes:
M	frotz
------------

After the switch, the local modifications are reapplied and are _not_
registered in your index file, so `git diff` would show you what
changes you made since the tip of the new branch.

=== 3. Merge conflict

When the `--merge` (`-m`) option is given and the local changes
overlap with the changes in the branch we're switching to, the
changes are stashed and reapplied after the switch.  If this
process results in conflicts, the stash entry is saved and a
message is printed:

------------
$ git checkout -m mytopic
Your local changes are stashed, however applying them
resulted in conflicts.  You can either resolve the conflicts
and then discard the stash with "git stash drop", or, if you
do not want to resolve them now, run "git reset --hard" and
apply the local changes later by running "git stash pop".
------------

CONFIGURATION
-------------

include::includes/cmd-config-section-all.adoc[]

include::config/checkout.adoc[]

SEE ALSO
--------
linkgit:git-switch[1],
linkgit:git-restore[1]

GIT
---
Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite