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| </head> |
| <body class="manpage"> |
| <div id="header"> |
| <h1>gitcli(7) Manual Page</h1> |
| <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <p>gitcli - Git command-line interface and conventions</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="content"> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>gitcli</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This manual describes the convention used throughout Git CLI.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Many commands take revisions (most often "commits", but sometimes |
| "tree-ish", depending on the context and command) and paths as their |
| arguments. Here are the rules:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Options come first and then args. |
| A subcommand may take dashed options (which may take their own |
| arguments, e.g. "--max-parents 2") and arguments. You SHOULD |
| give dashed options first and then arguments. Some commands may |
| accept dashed options after you have already given non-option |
| arguments (which may make the command ambiguous), but you should |
| not rely on it (because eventually we may find a way to fix |
| these ambiguities by enforcing the "options then args" rule).</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Revisions come first and then paths. |
| E.g. in <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>v1.0</code> <code>v2.0</code> <code>arch/x86</code> <code>include/asm-x86</code>, |
| <code>v1.0</code> and <code>v2.0</code> are revisions and <code>arch/x86</code> and <code>include/asm-x86</code> |
| are paths.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>When an argument can be misunderstood as either a revision or a path, |
| they can be disambiguated by placing <code>--</code> between them. |
| E.g. <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>--</code> <code>HEAD</code> is, "I have a file called HEAD in my work |
| tree. Please show changes between the version I staged in the index |
| and what I have in the work tree for that file", not "show the difference |
| between the HEAD commit and the work tree as a whole". You can say |
| <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>HEAD</code> <code>--</code> to ask for the latter.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Without disambiguating <code>--</code>, Git makes a reasonable guess, but errors |
| out and asks you to disambiguate when ambiguous. E.g. if you have a |
| file called HEAD in your work tree, <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>HEAD</code> is ambiguous, and |
| you have to say either <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>HEAD</code> <code>--</code> or <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>--</code> <code>HEAD</code> to |
| disambiguate.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Because <code>--</code> disambiguates revisions and paths in some commands, it |
| cannot be used for those commands to separate options and revisions. |
| You can use <code>--end-of-options</code> for this (it also works for commands |
| that do not distinguish between revisions in paths, in which case it |
| is simply an alias for <code>--</code>).</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>When writing a script that is expected to handle random user-input, it is |
| a good practice to make it explicit which arguments are which by placing |
| disambiguating <code>--</code> at appropriate places.</p> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Many commands allow wildcards in paths, but you need to protect |
| them from getting globbed by the shell. These two mean different |
| things:</p> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git restore *.c |
| $ git restore \*.c</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The former lets your shell expand the fileglob, and you are asking |
| the dot-C files in your working tree to be overwritten with the version |
| in the index. The latter passes the <code>*.c</code> to Git, and you are asking |
| the paths in the index that match the pattern to be checked out to your |
| working tree. After running <code>git</code> <code>add</code> <code>hello.c</code>; <code>rm</code> <code>hello.c</code>, you will <em>not</em> |
| see <code>hello.c</code> in your working tree with the former, but with the latter |
| you will.</p> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Just as the filesystem <em>.</em> (period) refers to the current directory, |
| using a <em>.</em> as a repository name in Git (a dot-repository) is a relative |
| path and means your current repository.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Here are the rules regarding the "flags" that you should follow when you are |
| scripting Git:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Splitting short options to separate words (prefer <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>-a</code> <code>-b</code> |
| to <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>-ab</code>, the latter may not even work).</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>When a command-line option takes an argument, use the <em>stuck</em> form. In |
| other words, write <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>-oArg</code> instead of <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>-o</code> <code>Arg</code> for short |
| options, and <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>--long-opt=Arg</code> instead of <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>--long-opt</code> <code>Arg</code> |
| for long options. An option that takes optional option-argument must be |
| written in the <em>stuck</em> form.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Despite the above suggestion, when Arg is a path relative to the |
| home directory of a user, e.g. <code>~/directory/file</code> or <code>~u/d/f</code>, you |
| may want to use the separate form, e.g. <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>--file</code> <code>~/mine</code>, |
| not <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>--file=~/mine</code>. The shell will expand <code>~/</code> in the |
| former to your home directory, but most shells keep the tilde in |
| the latter. Some of our commands know how to tilde-expand the |
| option value even when given in the stuck form, but not all of |
| them do.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>When you give a revision parameter to a command, make sure the parameter is |
| not ambiguous with a name of a file in the work tree. E.g. do not write |
| <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>-1</code> <code>HEAD</code> but write <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>-1</code> <code>HEAD</code> <code>--</code>; the former will not work |
| if you happen to have a file called <code>HEAD</code> in the work tree.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Many commands allow a long option <code>--option</code> to be abbreviated |
| only to their unique prefix (e.g. if there is no other option |
| whose name begins with <code>opt</code>, you may be able to spell <code>--opt</code> to |
| invoke the <code>--option</code> flag), but you should fully spell them out |
| when writing your scripts; later versions of Git may introduce a |
| new option whose name shares the same prefix, e.g. <code>--optimize</code>, |
| to make a short prefix that used to be unique no longer unique.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_enhanced_option_parser">ENHANCED OPTION PARSER</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>From the Git 1.5.4 series and further, many Git commands (not all of them at the |
| time of the writing though) come with an enhanced option parser.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Here is a list of the facilities provided by this option parser.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_magic_options">Magic Options</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Commands which have the enhanced option parser activated all understand a |
| couple of magic command-line options:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">-h</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>gives a pretty printed usage of the command.</p> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git describe -h |
| usage: git describe [<options>] <commit-ish>* |
| or: git describe [<options>] --dirty |
| |
| --contains find the tag that comes after the commit |
| --debug debug search strategy on stderr |
| --all use any ref |
| --tags use any tag, even unannotated |
| --long always use long format |
| --abbrev[=<n>] use <n> digits to display SHA-1s</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Note that some subcommand (e.g. <code>git</code> <code>grep</code>) may behave differently |
| when there are things on the command line other than <code>-h</code>, but <code>git</code> |
| <code>subcmd</code> <code>-h</code> without anything else on the command line is meant to |
| consistently give the usage.</p> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--help-all</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Some Git commands take options that are only used for plumbing or that |
| are deprecated, and such options are hidden from the default usage. This |
| option gives the full list of options.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_negating_options">Negating options</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Options with long option names can be negated by prefixing <code>--no-</code>. For |
| example, <code>git</code> <code>branch</code> has the option <code>--track</code> which is <em>on</em> by default. You |
| can use <code>--no-track</code> to override that behaviour. The same goes for <code>--color</code> |
| and <code>--no-color</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_options_trump_configuration_and_environment">Options trump configuration and environment</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>When there is a configuration variable or an environment variable |
| that tweak the behaviour of an aspect of a Git command, and also a |
| command line option that tweaks the same, the command line option |
| overrides what the configuration and/or environment variable say.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For example, the <code>user.name</code> configuration variable is used to |
| specify the human-readable name used by the <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> command to |
| record the author and the committer name in a newly created commit. |
| The <code>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME</code> environment variable, if set, takes precedence |
| when deciding what author name to record. The <code>--author=</code><em><author></em> |
| command line option of the <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> command, when given, takes |
| precedence over these two sources of information.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_aggregating_short_options">Aggregating short options</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Commands that support the enhanced option parser allow you to aggregate short |
| options. This means that you can for example use <code>git</code> <code>rm</code> <code>-rf</code> or |
| <code>git</code> <code>clean</code> <code>-fdx</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_abbreviating_long_options">Abbreviating long options</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Commands that support the enhanced option parser accepts unique |
| prefix of a long option as if it is fully spelled out, but use this |
| with a caution. For example, <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> <code>--amen</code> behaves as if you |
| typed <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> <code>--amend</code>, but that is true only until a later version |
| of Git introduces another option that shares the same prefix, |
| e.g. <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> <code>--amenity</code> option.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_separating_argument_from_the_option">Separating argument from the option</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You can write the mandatory option parameter to an option as a separate |
| word on the command line. That means that all the following uses work:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git foo --long-opt=Arg |
| $ git foo --long-opt Arg |
| $ git foo -oArg |
| $ git foo -o Arg</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>However, this is <strong>NOT</strong> allowed for switches with an optional value, where the |
| <em>stuck</em> form must be used:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git describe --abbrev HEAD # correct |
| $ git describe --abbrev=10 HEAD # correct |
| $ git describe --abbrev 10 HEAD # NOT WHAT YOU MEANT</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_notes_on_frequently_confused_options">NOTES ON FREQUENTLY CONFUSED OPTIONS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Many commands that can work on files in the working tree |
| and/or in the index can take <code>--cached</code> and/or <code>--index</code> |
| options. Sometimes people incorrectly think that, because |
| the index was originally called cache, these two are |
| synonyms. They are <strong>not</strong> — these two options mean very |
| different things.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>The <code>--cached</code> option is used to ask a command that |
| usually works on files in the working tree to <strong>only</strong> work |
| with the index. For example, <code>git</code> <code>grep</code>, when used |
| without a commit to specify from which commit to look for |
| strings in, usually works on files in the working tree, |
| but with the <code>--cached</code> option, it looks for strings in |
| the index.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>The <code>--index</code> option is used to ask a command that |
| usually works on files in the working tree to <strong>also</strong> |
| affect the index. For example, <code>git</code> <code>stash</code> <code>apply</code> usually |
| merges changes recorded in a stash entry to the working tree, |
| but with the <code>--index</code> option, it also merges changes to |
| the index as well.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><code>git</code> <code>apply</code> command can be used with <code>--cached</code> and |
| <code>--index</code> (but not at the same time). Usually the command |
| only affects the files in the working tree, but with |
| <code>--index</code>, it patches both the files and their index |
| entries, and with <code>--cached</code>, it modifies only the index |
| entries.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>See also <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/7v64clg5u9.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net/" class="bare">https://lore.kernel.org/git/7v64clg5u9.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net/</a> and |
| <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vy7ej9g38.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org/" class="bare">https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vy7ej9g38.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org/</a> for further |
| information.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Some other commands that also work on files in the working tree and/or |
| in the index can take <code>--staged</code> and/or <code>--worktree</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>--staged</code> is exactly like <code>--cached</code>, which is used to ask a |
| command to only work on the index, not the working tree.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>--worktree</code> is the opposite, to ask a command to work on the |
| working tree only, not the index.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>The two options can be specified together to ask a command to work |
| on both the index and the working tree.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="footer"> |
| <div id="footer-text"> |
| Last updated 2025-03-26 00:41:02 -0700 |
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