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| </head> |
| <body class="manpage"> |
| <div id="header"> |
| <h1>git-filter-branch(1) Manual Page</h1> |
| <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <p>git-filter-branch - Rewrite branches</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="content"> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="verseblock"> |
| <pre class="content"><em>git filter-branch</em> [--setup <command>] [--subdirectory-filter <directory>] |
| [--env-filter <command>] [--tree-filter <command>] |
| [--index-filter <command>] [--parent-filter <command>] |
| [--msg-filter <command>] [--commit-filter <command>] |
| [--tag-name-filter <command>] [--prune-empty] |
| [--original <namespace>] [-d <directory>] [-f | --force] |
| [--state-branch <branch>] [--] [<rev-list-options>…​]</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_warning">WARNING</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><em>git filter-branch</em> has a plethora of pitfalls that can produce non-obvious |
| manglings of the intended history rewrite (and can leave you with little |
| time to investigate such problems since it has such abysmal performance). |
| These safety and performance issues cannot be backward compatibly fixed and |
| as such, its use is not recommended. Please use an alternative history |
| filtering tool such as <a href="https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo/">git |
| filter-repo</a>. If you still need to use <em>git filter-branch</em>, please |
| carefully read <a href="#SAFETY">SAFETY</a> (and <a href="#PERFORMANCE">PERFORMANCE</a>) to learn about the land |
| mines of filter-branch, and then vigilantly avoid as many of the hazards |
| listed there as reasonably possible.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Lets you rewrite Git revision history by rewriting the branches mentioned |
| in the <rev-list-options>, applying custom filters on each revision. |
| Those filters can modify each tree (e.g. removing a file or running |
| a perl rewrite on all files) or information about each commit. |
| Otherwise, all information (including original commit times or merge |
| information) will be preserved.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The command will only rewrite the <em>positive</em> refs mentioned in the |
| command line (e.g. if you pass <em>a..b</em>, only <em>b</em> will be rewritten). |
| If you specify no filters, the commits will be recommitted without any |
| changes, which would normally have no effect. Nevertheless, this may be |
| useful in the future for compensating for some Git bugs or such, |
| therefore such a usage is permitted.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><strong>NOTE</strong>: This command honors .<code>git/info/grafts</code> file and refs in |
| the <code>refs/replace/</code> namespace. |
| If you have any grafts or replacement refs defined, running this command |
| will make them permanent.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><strong>WARNING</strong>! The rewritten history will have different object names for all |
| the objects and will not converge with the original branch. You will not |
| be able to easily push and distribute the rewritten branch on top of the |
| original branch. Please do not use this command if you do not know the |
| full implications, and avoid using it anyway, if a simple single commit |
| would suffice to fix your problem. (See the "RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM |
| REBASE" section in <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> for further information about |
| rewriting published history.)</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Always verify that the rewritten version is correct: The original refs, |
| if different from the rewritten ones, will be stored in the namespace |
| <em>refs/original/</em>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Note that since this operation is very I/O expensive, it might |
| be a good idea to redirect the temporary directory off-disk with the |
| <code>-d</code> option, e.g. on tmpfs. Reportedly the speedup is very noticeable.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_filters">Filters</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The filters are applied in the order as listed below. The <command> |
| argument is always evaluated in the shell context using the <em>eval</em> command |
| (with the notable exception of the commit filter, for technical reasons). |
| Prior to that, the <code>$GIT_COMMIT</code> environment variable will be set to contain |
| the id of the commit being rewritten. Also, GIT_AUTHOR_NAME, |
| GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL, GIT_AUTHOR_DATE, GIT_COMMITTER_NAME, GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL, |
| and GIT_COMMITTER_DATE are taken from the current commit and exported to |
| the environment, in order to affect the author and committer identities of |
| the replacement commit created by <a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a> after the |
| filters have run.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If any evaluation of <command> returns a non-zero exit status, the whole |
| operation will be aborted.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A <em>map</em> function is available that takes an "original sha1 id" argument |
| and outputs a "rewritten sha1 id" if the commit has been already |
| rewritten, and "original sha1 id" otherwise; the <em>map</em> function can |
| return several ids on separate lines if your commit filter emitted |
| multiple commits.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--setup <command></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>This is not a real filter executed for each commit but a one |
| time setup just before the loop. Therefore no commit-specific |
| variables are defined yet. Functions or variables defined here |
| can be used or modified in the following filter steps except |
| the commit filter, for technical reasons.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--subdirectory-filter <directory></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Only look at the history which touches the given subdirectory. |
| The result will contain that directory (and only that) as its |
| project root. Implies <a href="#Remap_to_ancestor">Remap to ancestor</a>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--env-filter <command></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>This filter may be used if you only need to modify the environment |
| in which the commit will be performed. Specifically, you might |
| want to rewrite the author/committer name/email/time environment |
| variables (see <a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a> for details).</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--tree-filter <command></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>This is the filter for rewriting the tree and its contents. |
| The argument is evaluated in shell with the working |
| directory set to the root of the checked out tree. The new tree |
| is then used as-is (new files are auto-added, disappeared files |
| are auto-removed - neither .gitignore files nor any other ignore |
| rules <strong>HAVE ANY EFFECT</strong>!).</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--index-filter <command></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>This is the filter for rewriting the index. It is similar to the |
| tree filter but does not check out the tree, which makes it much |
| faster. Frequently used with <code>git</code> <code>rm</code> <code>--cached</code> |
| <code>--ignore-unmatch</code> ..., see EXAMPLES below. For hairy |
| cases, see <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--parent-filter <command></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>This is the filter for rewriting the commit’s parent list. |
| It will receive the parent string on stdin and shall output |
| the new parent string on stdout. The parent string is in |
| the format described in <a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a>: empty for |
| the initial commit, "-p parent" for a normal commit and |
| "-p parent1 -p parent2 -p parent3 …​" for a merge commit.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--msg-filter <command></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>This is the filter for rewriting the commit messages. |
| The argument is evaluated in the shell with the original |
| commit message on standard input; its standard output is |
| used as the new commit message.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--commit-filter <command></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>This is the filter for performing the commit. |
| If this filter is specified, it will be called instead of the |
| <em>git commit-tree</em> command, with arguments of the form |
| "<TREE_ID> [(-p <PARENT_COMMIT_ID>)…​]" and the log message on |
| stdin. The commit id is expected on stdout.</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>As a special extension, the commit filter may emit multiple |
| commit ids; in that case, the rewritten children of the original commit will |
| have all of them as parents.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You can use the <em>map</em> convenience function in this filter, and other |
| convenience functions, too. For example, calling <em>skip_commit "$@"</em> |
| will leave out the current commit (but not its changes! If you want |
| that, use <em>git rebase</em> instead).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You can also use the <code>git_commit_non_empty_tree</code> "$@" instead of |
| <code>git</code> <code>commit-tree</code> "$@" if you don’t wish to keep commits with a single parent |
| and that makes no change to the tree.</p> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--tag-name-filter <command></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>This is the filter for rewriting tag names. When passed, |
| it will be called for every tag ref that points to a rewritten |
| object (or to a tag object which points to a rewritten object). |
| The original tag name is passed via standard input, and the new |
| tag name is expected on standard output.</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The original tags are not deleted, but can be overwritten; |
| use "--tag-name-filter cat" to simply update the tags. In this |
| case, be very careful and make sure you have the old tags |
| backed up in case the conversion has run afoul.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Nearly proper rewriting of tag objects is supported. If the tag has |
| a message attached, a new tag object will be created with the same message, |
| author, and timestamp. If the tag has a signature attached, the |
| signature will be stripped. It is by definition impossible to preserve |
| signatures. The reason this is "nearly" proper, is because ideally if |
| the tag did not change (points to the same object, has the same name, etc.) |
| it should retain any signature. That is not the case, signatures will always |
| be removed, buyer beware. There is also no support for changing the |
| author or timestamp (or the tag message for that matter). Tags which point |
| to other tags will be rewritten to point to the underlying commit.</p> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--prune-empty</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Some filters will generate empty commits that leave the tree untouched. |
| This option instructs git-filter-branch to remove such commits if they |
| have exactly one or zero non-pruned parents; merge commits will |
| therefore remain intact. This option cannot be used together with |
| <code>--commit-filter</code>, though the same effect can be achieved by using the |
| provided <code>git_commit_non_empty_tree</code> function in a commit filter.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--original <namespace></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Use this option to set the namespace where the original commits |
| will be stored. The default value is <em>refs/original</em>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">-d <directory></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Use this option to set the path to the temporary directory used for |
| rewriting. When applying a tree filter, the command needs to |
| temporarily check out the tree to some directory, which may consume |
| considerable space in case of large projects. By default it |
| does this in the .<code>git-rewrite/</code> directory but you can override |
| that choice by this parameter.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">-f</dt> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--force</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p><em>git filter-branch</em> refuses to start with an existing temporary |
| directory or when there are already refs starting with |
| <em>refs/original/</em>, unless forced.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--state-branch <branch></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>This option will cause the mapping from old to new objects to |
| be loaded from named branch upon startup and saved as a new |
| commit to that branch upon exit, enabling incremental of large |
| trees. If <em><branch></em> does not exist it will be created.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><rev-list options>…​</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Arguments for <em>git rev-list</em>. All positive refs included by |
| these options are rewritten. You may also specify options |
| such as <code>--all</code>, but you must use <code>--</code> to separate them from |
| the <em>git filter-branch</em> options. Implies <a href="#Remap_to_ancestor">Remap to ancestor</a>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="Remap_to_ancestor">Remap to ancestor</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>By using <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a> arguments, e.g., path limiters, you can limit the |
| set of revisions which get rewritten. However, positive refs on the command |
| line are distinguished: we don’t let them be excluded by such limiters. For |
| this purpose, they are instead rewritten to point at the nearest ancestor that |
| was not excluded.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_exit_status">EXIT STATUS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>On success, the exit status is <code>0</code>. If the filter can’t find any commits to |
| rewrite, the exit status is <code>2</code>. On any other error, the exit status may be |
| any other non-zero value.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Suppose you want to remove a file (containing confidential information |
| or copyright violation) from all commits:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>git filter-branch --tree-filter 'rm filename' HEAD</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>However, if the file is absent from the tree of some commit, |
| a simple <code>rm</code> <code>filename</code> will fail for that tree and commit. |
| Thus you may instead want to use <code>rm</code> <code>-f</code> <code>filename</code> as the script.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Using <code>--index-filter</code> with <em>git rm</em> yields a significantly faster |
| version. Like with using <code>rm</code> <code>filename</code>, <code>git</code> <code>rm</code> <code>--cached</code> <code>filename</code> |
| will fail if the file is absent from the tree of a commit. If you |
| want to "completely forget" a file, it does not matter when it entered |
| history, so we also add <code>--ignore-unmatch</code>:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>git filter-branch --index-filter 'git rm --cached --ignore-unmatch filename' HEAD</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Now, you will get the rewritten history saved in HEAD.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To rewrite the repository to look as if <code>foodir/</code> had been its project |
| root, and discard all other history:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>git filter-branch --subdirectory-filter foodir -- --all</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Thus you can, e.g., turn a library subdirectory into a repository of |
| its own. Note the <code>--</code> that separates <em>filter-branch</em> options from |
| revision options, and the <code>--all</code> to rewrite all branches and tags.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To set a commit (which typically is at the tip of another |
| history) to be the parent of the current initial commit, in |
| order to paste the other history behind the current history:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>git filter-branch --parent-filter 'sed "s/^\$/-p <graft-id>/"' HEAD</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>(if the parent string is empty - which happens when we are dealing with |
| the initial commit - add graftcommit as a parent). Note that this assumes |
| history with a single root (that is, no merge without common ancestors |
| happened). If this is not the case, use:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>git filter-branch --parent-filter \ |
| 'test $GIT_COMMIT = <commit-id> && echo "-p <graft-id>" || cat' HEAD</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>or even simpler:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>git replace --graft $commit-id $graft-id |
| git filter-branch $graft-id..HEAD</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To remove commits authored by "Darl McBribe" from the history:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>git filter-branch --commit-filter ' |
| if [ "$GIT_AUTHOR_NAME" = "Darl McBribe" ]; |
| then |
| skip_commit "$@"; |
| else |
| git commit-tree "$@"; |
| fi' HEAD</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The function <em>skip_commit</em> is defined as follows:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>skip_commit() |
| { |
| shift; |
| while [ -n "$1" ]; |
| do |
| shift; |
| map "$1"; |
| shift; |
| done; |
| }</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The shift magic first throws away the tree id and then the -p |
| parameters. Note that this handles merges properly! In case Darl |
| committed a merge between P1 and P2, it will be propagated properly |
| and all children of the merge will become merge commits with P1,P2 |
| as their parents instead of the merge commit.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><strong>NOTE</strong> the changes introduced by the commits, and which are not reverted |
| by subsequent commits, will still be in the rewritten branch. If you want |
| to throw out <em>changes</em> together with the commits, you should use the |
| interactive mode of <em>git rebase</em>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You can rewrite the commit log messages using <code>--msg-filter</code>. For |
| example, <em>git svn-id</em> strings in a repository created by <em>git svn</em> can |
| be removed this way:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>git filter-branch --msg-filter ' |
| sed -e "/^git-svn-id:/d" |
| '</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If you need to add <em>Acked-by</em> lines to, say, the last 10 commits (none |
| of which is a merge), use this command:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>git filter-branch --msg-filter ' |
| cat && |
| echo "Acked-by: Bugs Bunny <bunny@bugzilla.org>" |
| ' HEAD~10..HEAD</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <code>--env-filter</code> option can be used to modify committer and/or author |
| identity. For example, if you found out that your commits have the wrong |
| identity due to a misconfigured user.email, you can make a correction, |
| before publishing the project, like this:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>git filter-branch --env-filter ' |
| if test "$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL" = "root@localhost" |
| then |
| GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL=john@example.com |
| fi |
| if test "$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL" = "root@localhost" |
| then |
| GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL=john@example.com |
| fi |
| ' -- --all</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To restrict rewriting to only part of the history, specify a revision |
| range in addition to the new branch name. The new branch name will |
| point to the top-most revision that a <em>git rev-list</em> of this range |
| will print.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Consider this history:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> D--E--F--G--H |
| / / |
| A--B-----C</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To rewrite only commits D,E,F,G,H, but leave A, B and C alone, use:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>git filter-branch ... C..H</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To rewrite commits E,F,G,H, use one of these:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>git filter-branch ... C..H --not D |
| git filter-branch ... D..H --not C</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To move the whole tree into a subdirectory, or remove it from there:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>git filter-branch --index-filter \ |
| 'git ls-files -s | sed "s-\t\"*-&newsubdir/-" | |
| GIT_INDEX_FILE=$GIT_INDEX_FILE.new \ |
| git update-index --index-info && |
| mv "$GIT_INDEX_FILE.new" "$GIT_INDEX_FILE"' HEAD</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_checklist_for_shrinking_a_repository">CHECKLIST FOR SHRINKING A REPOSITORY</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>git-filter-branch can be used to get rid of a subset of files, |
| usually with some combination of <code>--index-filter</code> and |
| <code>--subdirectory-filter</code>. People expect the resulting repository to |
| be smaller than the original, but you need a few more steps to |
| actually make it smaller, because Git tries hard not to lose your |
| objects until you tell it to. First make sure that:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>You really removed all variants of a filename, if a blob was moved |
| over its lifetime. <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--name-only</code> <code>--follow</code> <code>--all</code> <code>--</code> <code>filename</code> |
| can help you find renames.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>You really filtered all refs: use <code>--tag-name-filter</code> <code>cat</code> <code>--</code> <code>--all</code> |
| when calling git-filter-branch.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Then there are two ways to get a smaller repository. A safer way is |
| to clone, that keeps your original intact.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Clone it with <code>git</code> <code>clone</code> <code>file:///path/to/repo</code>. The clone |
| will not have the removed objects. See <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>. (Note |
| that cloning with a plain path just hardlinks everything!)</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If you really don’t want to clone it, for whatever reasons, check the |
| following points instead (in this order). This is a very destructive |
| approach, so <strong>make a backup</strong> or go back to cloning it. You have been |
| warned.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Remove the original refs backed up by git-filter-branch: say <code>git</code> |
| <code>for-each-ref</code> <code>--format=</code>"%(<code>refname</code>)" <code>refs/original/</code> | <code>xargs</code> <code>-n</code> <code>1</code> <code>git</code> |
| <code>update-ref</code> <code>-d</code>.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Expire all reflogs with <code>git</code> <code>reflog</code> <code>expire</code> <code>--expire=now</code> <code>--all</code>.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Garbage collect all unreferenced objects with <code>git</code> <code>gc</code> <code>--prune=now</code> |
| (or if your git-gc is not new enough to support arguments to |
| <code>--prune</code>, use <code>git</code> <code>repack</code> <code>-ad</code>; <code>git</code> <code>prune</code> instead).</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="PERFORMANCE">PERFORMANCE</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The performance of git-filter-branch is glacially slow; its design makes it |
| impossible for a backward-compatible implementation to ever be fast:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>In editing files, git-filter-branch by design checks out each and |
| every commit as it existed in the original repo. If your repo has |
| <code>10^5</code> files and <code>10^5</code> commits, but each commit only modifies five |
| files, then git-filter-branch will make you do <code>10^10</code> modifications, |
| despite only having (at most) <code>5*10^5</code> unique blobs.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>If you try and cheat and try to make git-filter-branch only work on |
| files modified in a commit, then two things happen</p> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>you run into problems with deletions whenever the user is simply |
| trying to rename files (because attempting to delete files that |
| don’t exist looks like a no-op; it takes some chicanery to remap |
| deletes across file renames when the renames happen via arbitrary |
| user-provided shell)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>even if you succeed at the map-deletes-for-renames chicanery, you |
| still technically violate backward compatibility because users |
| are allowed to filter files in ways that depend upon topology of |
| commits instead of filtering solely based on file contents or |
| names (though this has not been observed in the wild).</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Even if you don’t need to edit files but only want to e.g. rename or |
| remove some and thus can avoid checking out each file (i.e. you can |
| use --index-filter), you still are passing shell snippets for your |
| filters. This means that for every commit, you have to have a |
| prepared git repo where those filters can be run. That’s a |
| significant setup.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Further, several additional files are created or updated per commit |
| by git-filter-branch. Some of these are for supporting the |
| convenience functions provided by git-filter-branch (such as map()), |
| while others are for keeping track of internal state (but could have |
| also been accessed by user filters; one of git-filter-branch’s |
| regression tests does so). This essentially amounts to using the |
| filesystem as an IPC mechanism between git-filter-branch and the |
| user-provided filters. Disks tend to be a slow IPC mechanism, and |
| writing these files also effectively represents a forced |
| synchronization point between separate processes that we hit with |
| every commit.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>The user-provided shell commands will likely involve a pipeline of |
| commands, resulting in the creation of many processes per commit. |
| Creating and running another process takes a widely varying amount |
| of time between operating systems, but on any platform it is very |
| slow relative to invoking a function.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>git-filter-branch itself is written in shell, which is kind of slow. |
| This is the one performance issue that could be backward-compatibly |
| fixed, but compared to the above problems that are intrinsic to the |
| design of git-filter-branch, the language of the tool itself is a |
| relatively minor issue.</p> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Side note: Unfortunately, people tend to fixate on the |
| written-in-shell aspect and periodically ask if git-filter-branch |
| could be rewritten in another language to fix the performance |
| issues. Not only does that ignore the bigger intrinsic problems |
| with the design, it’d help less than you’d expect: if |
| git-filter-branch itself were not shell, then the convenience |
| functions (map(), skip_commit(), etc) and the <code>--setup</code> argument |
| could no longer be executed once at the beginning of the program |
| but would instead need to be prepended to every user filter (and |
| thus re-executed with every commit).</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <a href="https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo/">git filter-repo</a> tool is |
| an alternative to git-filter-branch which does not suffer from these |
| performance problems or the safety problems (mentioned below). For those |
| with existing tooling which relies upon git-filter-branch, <em>git |
| filter-repo</em> also provides |
| <a href="https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo/blob/master/contrib/filter-repo-demos/filter-lamely">filter-lamely</a>, |
| a drop-in git-filter-branch replacement (with a few caveats). While |
| filter-lamely suffers from all the same safety issues as |
| git-filter-branch, it at least ameliorates the performance issues a |
| little.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="SAFETY">SAFETY</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>git-filter-branch is riddled with gotchas resulting in various ways to |
| easily corrupt repos or end up with a mess worse than what you started |
| with:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Someone can have a set of "working and tested filters" which they |
| document or provide to a coworker, who then runs them on a different |
| OS where the same commands are not working/tested (some examples in |
| the git-filter-branch manpage are also affected by this). |
| BSD vs. GNU userland differences can really bite. If lucky, error |
| messages are spewed. But just as likely, the commands either don’t |
| do the filtering requested, or silently corrupt by making some |
| unwanted change. The unwanted change may only affect a few commits, |
| so it’s not necessarily obvious either. (The fact that problems |
| won’t necessarily be obvious means they are likely to go unnoticed |
| until the rewritten history is in use for quite a while, at which |
| point it’s really hard to justify another flag-day for another |
| rewrite.)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Filenames with spaces are often mishandled by shell snippets since |
| they cause problems for shell pipelines. Not everyone is familiar |
| with find -print0, xargs -0, git-ls-files -z, etc. Even people who |
| are familiar with these may assume such flags are not relevant |
| because someone else renamed any such files in their repo back |
| before the person doing the filtering joined the project. And |
| often, even those familiar with handling arguments with spaces may |
| not do so just because they aren’t in the mindset of thinking about |
| everything that could possibly go wrong.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Non-ascii filenames can be silently removed despite being in a |
| desired directory. Keeping only wanted paths is often done using |
| pipelines like <code>git</code> <code>ls-files</code> | <code>grep</code> <code>-v</code> <code>^WANTED_DIR/</code> | <code>xargs</code> <code>git</code> <code>rm</code>. |
| ls-files will only quote filenames if needed, so folks may not |
| notice that one of the files didn’t match the regex (at least not |
| until it’s much too late). Yes, someone who knows about |
| core.quotePath can avoid this (unless they have other special |
| characters like \t, \n, or "), and people who use ls-files -z with |
| something other than grep can avoid this, but that doesn’t mean they |
| will.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Similarly, when moving files around, one can find that filenames |
| with non-ascii or special characters end up in a different |
| directory, one that includes a double quote character. (This is |
| technically the same issue as above with quoting, but perhaps an |
| interesting different way that it can and has manifested as a |
| problem.)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>It’s far too easy to accidentally mix up old and new history. It’s |
| still possible with any tool, but git-filter-branch almost |
| invites it. If lucky, the only downside is users getting frustrated |
| that they don’t know how to shrink their repo and remove the old |
| stuff. If unlucky, they merge old and new history and end up with |
| multiple "copies" of each commit, some of which have unwanted or |
| sensitive files and others which don’t. This comes about in |
| multiple different ways:</p> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>the default to only doing a partial history rewrite (<em>--all</em> is not |
| the default and few examples show it)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>the fact that there’s no automatic post-run cleanup</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>the fact that --tag-name-filter (when used to rename tags) doesn’t |
| remove the old tags but just adds new ones with the new name</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>the fact that little educational information is provided to inform |
| users of the ramifications of a rewrite and how to avoid mixing old |
| and new history. For example, this man page discusses how users |
| need to understand that they need to rebase their changes for all |
| their branches on top of new history (or delete and reclone), but |
| that’s only one of multiple concerns to consider. See the |
| "DISCUSSION" section of the git filter-repo manual page for more |
| details.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Annotated tags can be accidentally converted to lightweight tags, |
| due to either of two issues:</p> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Someone can do a history rewrite, realize they messed up, restore |
| from the backups in refs/original/, and then redo their |
| git-filter-branch command. (The backup in refs/original/ is not a |
| real backup; it dereferences tags first.)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Running git-filter-branch with either --tags or --all in your |
| <rev-list-options>. In order to retain annotated tags as |
| annotated, you must use --tag-name-filter (and must not have |
| restored from refs/original/ in a previously botched rewrite).</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Any commit messages that specify an encoding will become corrupted |
| by the rewrite; git-filter-branch ignores the encoding, takes the |
| original bytes, and feeds it to commit-tree without telling it the |
| proper encoding. (This happens whether or not --msg-filter is |
| used.)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Commit messages (even if they are all UTF-8) by default become |
| corrupted due to not being updated — any references to other commit |
| hashes in commit messages will now refer to no-longer-extant |
| commits.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>There are no facilities for helping users find what unwanted crud |
| they should delete, which means they are much more likely to have |
| incomplete or partial cleanups that sometimes result in confusion |
| and people wasting time trying to understand. (For example, folks |
| tend to just look for big files to delete instead of big directories |
| or extensions, and once they do so, then sometime later folks using |
| the new repository who are going through history will notice a build |
| artifact directory that has some files but not others, or a cache of |
| dependencies (node_modules or similar) which couldn’t have ever been |
| functional since it’s missing some files.)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>If --prune-empty isn’t specified, then the filtering process can |
| create hoards of confusing empty commits</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>If --prune-empty is specified, then intentionally placed empty |
| commits from before the filtering operation are also pruned instead |
| of just pruning commits that became empty due to filtering rules.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>If --prune-empty is specified, sometimes empty commits are missed |
| and left around anyway (a somewhat rare bug, but it happens…​)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>A minor issue, but users who have a goal to update all names and |
| emails in a repository may be led to --env-filter which will only |
| update authors and committers, missing taggers.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>If the user provides a --tag-name-filter that maps multiple tags to |
| the same name, no warning or error is provided; git-filter-branch |
| simply overwrites each tag in some undocumented pre-defined order |
| resulting in only one tag at the end. (A git-filter-branch |
| regression test requires this surprising behavior.)</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Also, the poor performance of git-filter-branch often leads to safety |
| issues:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Coming up with the correct shell snippet to do the filtering you |
| want is sometimes difficult unless you’re just doing a trivial |
| modification such as deleting a couple files. Unfortunately, people |
| often learn if the snippet is right or wrong by trying it out, but |
| the rightness or wrongness can vary depending on special |
| circumstances (spaces in filenames, non-ascii filenames, funny |
| author names or emails, invalid timezones, presence of grafts or |
| replace objects, etc.), meaning they may have to wait a long time, |
| hit an error, then restart. The performance of git-filter-branch is |
| so bad that this cycle is painful, reducing the time available to |
| carefully re-check (to say nothing about what it does to the |
| patience of the person doing the rewrite even if they do technically |
| have more time available). This problem is extra compounded because |
| errors from broken filters may not be shown for a long time and/or |
| get lost in a sea of output. Even worse, broken filters often just |
| result in silent incorrect rewrites.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>To top it all off, even when users finally find working commands, |
| they naturally want to share them. But they may be unaware that |
| their repo didn’t have some special cases that someone else’s does. |
| So, when someone else with a different repository runs the same |
| commands, they get hit by the problems above. Or, the user just |
| runs commands that really were vetted for special cases, but they |
| run it on a different OS where it doesn’t work, as noted above.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="footer"> |
| <div id="footer-text"> |
| Last updated 2025-02-14 21:38:14 -0800 |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </body> |
| </html> |
