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| </head> |
| <body class="manpage"> |
| <div id="header"> |
| <h1>git-range-diff(1) Manual Page</h1> |
| <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <p>git-range-diff - Compare two commit ranges (e.g. two versions of a branch)</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="content"> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="verseblock"> |
| <pre class="content"><em>git range-diff</em> [--color=[<when>]] [--no-color] [<diff-options>] |
| [--no-dual-color] [--creation-factor=<factor>] |
| [--left-only | --right-only] [--diff-merges=<format>] |
| [--remerge-diff] |
| ( <range1> <range2> | <rev1>…​<rev2> | <base> <rev1> <rev2> ) |
| [[--] <path>…​]</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This command shows the differences between two versions of a patch |
| series, or more generally, two commit ranges (ignoring merge commits).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In the presence of <em><path></em> arguments, these commit ranges are limited |
| accordingly.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To that end, it first finds pairs of commits from both commit ranges |
| that correspond with each other. Two commits are said to correspond when |
| the diff between their patches (i.e. the author information, the commit |
| message and the commit diff) is reasonably small compared to the |
| patches' size. See ``Algorithm`` below for details.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Finally, the list of matching commits is shown in the order of the |
| second commit range, with unmatched commits being inserted just after |
| all of their ancestors have been shown.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>There are three ways to specify the commit ranges:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><em><range1></em> <em><range2></em>: Either commit range can be of the form |
| <em><base></em><code>..</code><em><rev></em>, <em><rev></em><code>^</code>! or <em><rev></em><code>^-</code><em><n></em>. See <code>SPECIFYING</code> <code>RANGES</code> |
| in <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a> for more details.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><em><rev1></em><code>...</code><em><rev2></em>. This is equivalent to |
| <em><rev2></em><code>..</code><em><rev1></em> <em><rev1></em><code>..</code><em><rev2></em>.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><em><base></em> <em><rev1></em> <em><rev2></em>: This is equivalent to <em><base></em><code>..</code><em><rev1></em> |
| <em><base></em><code>..</code><em><rev2></em>.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--no-dual-color</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>When the commit diffs differ, <code>git</code> <code>range-diff</code> recreates the |
| original diffs' coloring, and adds outer -/+ diff markers with |
| the <strong>background</strong> being red/green to make it easier to see e.g. |
| when there was a change in what exact lines were added.</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Additionally, the commit diff lines that are only present in the first commit |
| range are shown "dimmed" (this can be overridden using the <code>color.diff.</code><em><slot></em> |
| config setting where <em><slot></em> is one of <code>contextDimmed</code>, <code>oldDimmed</code> and |
| <code>newDimmed</code>), and the commit diff lines that are only present in the second |
| commit range are shown in bold (which can be overridden using the config |
| settings <code>color.diff.</code><em><slot></em> with <em><slot></em> being one of <code>contextBold</code>, |
| <code>oldBold</code> or <code>newBold</code>).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This is known to <code>range-diff</code> as "dual coloring". Use <code>--no-dual-color</code> |
| to revert to color all lines according to the outer diff markers |
| (and completely ignore the inner diff when it comes to color).</p> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--creation-factor=<percent></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Set the creation/deletion cost fudge factor to <em><percent></em>. |
| Defaults to 60. Try a larger value if <code>git</code> <code>range-diff</code> erroneously |
| considers a large change a total rewrite (deletion of one commit |
| and addition of another), and a smaller one in the reverse case. |
| See the ``Algorithm`` section below for an explanation of why this is |
| needed.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--left-only</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Suppress commits that are missing from the first specified range |
| (or the "left range" when using the <em><rev1></em><code>...</code><em><rev2></em> format).</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--right-only</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Suppress commits that are missing from the second specified range |
| (or the "right range" when using the <em><rev1></em><code>...</code><em><rev2></em> format).</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--diff-merges=<format></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Instead of ignoring merge commits, generate diffs for them using the |
| corresponding <code>--diff-merges=</code><em><format></em> option of <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>, |
| and include them in the comparison.</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Note: In the common case, the <code>remerge</code> mode will be the most natural one |
| to use, as it shows only the diff on top of what Git’s merge machinery would |
| have produced. In other words, if a merge commit is the result of a |
| non-conflicting <code>git</code> <code>merge</code>, the <code>remerge</code> mode will represent it with an empty |
| diff.</p> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--remerge-diff</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Convenience option, equivalent to <code>--diff-merges=remerge</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]notes[=<ref>]</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>This flag is passed to the <code>git</code> <code>log</code> program |
| (see <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>) that generates the patches.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><range1> <range2></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Compare the commits specified by the two ranges, where |
| <em><range1></em> is considered an older version of <em><range2></em>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><rev1>…​<rev2></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Equivalent to passing <em><rev2></em><code>..</code><em><rev1></em> and <em><rev1></em><code>..</code><em><rev2></em>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><base> <rev1> <rev2></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Equivalent to passing <em><base></em><code>..</code><em><rev1></em> and <em><base></em><code>..</code><em><rev2></em>. |
| Note that <em><base></em> does not need to be the exact branch point |
| of the branches. Example: after rebasing a branch <code>my-topic</code>, |
| <code>git</code> <code>range-diff</code> <code>my-topic@</code>{u} <code>my-topic@</code>{1} <code>my-topic</code> would |
| show the differences introduced by the rebase.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><code>git</code> <code>range-diff</code> also accepts the regular diff options (see |
| <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>), most notably the <code>--color=</code>[<em><when></em>] and |
| <code>--no-color</code> options. These options are used when generating the "diff |
| between patches", i.e. to compare the author, commit message and diff of |
| corresponding old/new commits. There is currently no means to tweak most of the |
| diff options passed to <code>git</code> <code>log</code> when generating those patches.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_output_stability">OUTPUT STABILITY</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The output of the <code>range-diff</code> command is subject to change. It is |
| intended to be human-readable porcelain output, not something that can |
| be used across versions of Git to get a textually stable <code>range-diff</code> |
| (as opposed to something like the <code>--stable</code> option to |
| <a href="git-patch-id.html">git-patch-id(1)</a>). There’s also no equivalent of |
| <a href="git-apply.html">git-apply(1)</a> for <code>range-diff</code>, the output is not intended to |
| be machine-readable.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This is particularly true when passing in diff options. Currently some |
| options like <code>--stat</code> can, as an emergent effect, produce output |
| that’s quite useless in the context of <code>range-diff</code>. Future versions |
| of <code>range-diff</code> may learn to interpret such options in a manner |
| specific to <code>range-diff</code> (e.g. for <code>--stat</code> producing human-readable |
| output which summarizes how the diffstat changed).</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_configuration">CONFIGURATION</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This command uses the <code>diff.color.*</code> and <code>pager.range-diff</code> settings |
| (the latter is on by default). |
| See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>When a rebase required merge conflicts to be resolved, compare the changes |
| introduced by the rebase directly afterwards using:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git range-diff @{u} @{1} @</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A typical output of <code>git</code> <code>range-diff</code> would look like this:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>-: ------- > 1: 0ddba11 Prepare for the inevitable! |
| 1: c0debee = 2: cab005e Add a helpful message at the start |
| 2: f00dbal ! 3: decafe1 Describe a bug |
| @@ -1,3 +1,3 @@ |
| Author: A U Thor <author@example.com> |
| |
| -TODO: Describe a bug |
| +Describe a bug |
| @@ -324,5 +324,6 |
| This is expected. |
| |
| -+What is unexpected is that it will also crash. |
| ++Unexpectedly, it also crashes. This is a bug, and the jury is |
| ++still out there how to fix it best. See ticket #314 for details. |
| |
| Contact |
| 3: bedead < -: ------- TO-UNDO</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In this example, there are 3 old and 3 new commits, where the developer |
| removed the 3rd, added a new one before the first two, and modified the |
| commit message of the 2nd commit as well as its diff.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>When the output goes to a terminal, it is color-coded by default, just |
| like regular <code>git</code> <code>diff</code>'s output. In addition, the first line (adding a |
| commit) is green, the last line (deleting a commit) is red, the second |
| line (with a perfect match) is yellow like the commit header of <code>git</code> |
| <code>show</code>'s output, and the third line colors the old commit red, the new |
| one green and the rest like <code>git</code> <code>show</code>'s commit header.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A naive color-coded diff of diffs is actually a bit hard to read, |
| though, as it colors the entire lines red or green. The line that added |
| "What is unexpected" in the old commit, for example, is completely red, |
| even if the intent of the old commit was to add something.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To help with that, <code>range</code> uses the <code>--dual-color</code> mode by default. In |
| this mode, the diff of diffs will retain the original diff colors, and |
| prefix the lines with -/+ markers that have their <strong>background</strong> red or |
| green, to make it more obvious that they describe how the diff itself |
| changed.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_algorithm">Algorithm</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The general idea is this: we generate a cost matrix between the commits |
| in both commit ranges, then solve the least-cost assignment.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The cost matrix is populated thusly: for each pair of commits, both |
| diffs are generated and the "diff of diffs" is generated, with 3 context |
| lines, then the number of lines in that diff is used as cost.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To avoid false positives (e.g. when a patch has been removed, and an |
| unrelated patch has been added between two iterations of the same patch |
| series), the cost matrix is extended to allow for that, by adding |
| fixed-cost entries for wholesale deletes/adds.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Example: Let commits <code>1--2</code> be the first iteration of a patch series and |
| <code>A--C</code> the second iteration. Let’s assume that <code>A</code> is a cherry-pick of |
| <code>2,</code> and <code>C</code> is a cherry-pick of <code>1</code> but with a small modification (say, |
| a fixed typo). Visualize the commits as a bipartite graph:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> 1 A |
| |
| 2 B |
| |
| C</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>We are looking for a "best" explanation of the new series in terms of |
| the old one. We can represent an "explanation" as an edge in the graph:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> 1 A |
| / |
| 2 --------' B |
| |
| C</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This explanation comes for "free" because there was no change. Similarly |
| <code>C</code> could be explained using <code>1</code>, but that comes at some cost c>0 |
| because of the modification:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> 1 ----. A |
| | / |
| 2 ----+---' B |
| | |
| `----- C |
| c>0</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In mathematical terms, what we are looking for is some sort of a minimum |
| cost bipartite matching; <code>1</code> is matched to <code>C</code> at some cost, etc. The |
| underlying graph is in fact a complete bipartite graph; the cost we |
| associate with every edge is the size of the diff between the two |
| commits' patches. To explain also new commits, we introduce dummy nodes |
| on both sides:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> 1 ----. A |
| | / |
| 2 ----+---' B |
| | |
| o `----- C |
| c>0 |
| o o |
| |
| o o</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The cost of an edge <code>o--C</code> is the size of <code>C</code>'s diff, modified by a |
| fudge factor that should be smaller than 100%. The cost of an edge |
| <code>o--o</code> is free. The fudge factor is necessary because even if <code>1</code> and |
| <code>C</code> have nothing in common, they may still share a few empty lines and |
| such, possibly making the assignment <code>1--C</code>, <code>o--o</code> slightly cheaper |
| than <code>1--o</code>, <code>o--C</code> even if <code>1</code> and <code>C</code> have nothing in common. With the |
| fudge factor we require a much larger common part to consider patches as |
| corresponding.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The overall time needed to compute this algorithm is the time needed to |
| compute n+m commit diffs and then n*m diffs of patches, plus the time |
| needed to compute the least-cost assignment between n and m diffs. Git |
| uses an implementation of the Jonker-Volgenant algorithm to solve the |
| assignment problem, which has cubic runtime complexity. The matching |
| found in this case will look like this:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> 1 ----. A |
| | / |
| 2 ----+---' B |
| .--+-----' |
| o -' `----- C |
| c>0 |
| o ---------- o |
| |
| o ---------- o</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a></p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="footer"> |
| <div id="footer-text"> |
| Last updated 2025-02-14 21:38:14 -0800 |
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