| <!DOCTYPE html> |
| <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> |
| <head> |
| <meta charset="UTF-8"/> |
| <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/> |
| <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> |
| <meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 2.0.23"/> |
| <title>git-rev-parse(1)</title> |
| <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"/> |
| <style> |
| /*! Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | https://asciidoctor.org */ |
| /* Uncomment the following line when using as a custom stylesheet */ |
| /* @import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"; */ |
| html{font-family:sans-serif;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%} |
| a{background:none} |
| a:focus{outline:thin dotted} |
| a:active,a:hover{outline:0} |
| h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0} |
| b,strong{font-weight:bold} |
| abbr{font-size:.9em} |
| abbr[title]{cursor:help;border-bottom:1px dotted #dddddf;text-decoration:none} |
| dfn{font-style:italic} |
| hr{height:0} |
| mark{background:#ff0;color:#000} |
| code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em} |
| pre{white-space:pre-wrap} |
| q{quotes:"\201C" "\201D" "\2018" "\2019"} |
| small{font-size:80%} |
| sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline} |
| sup{top:-.5em} |
| sub{bottom:-.25em} |
| img{border:0} |
| svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden} |
| figure{margin:0} |
| audio,video{display:inline-block} |
| audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0} |
| fieldset{border:1px solid silver;margin:0 2px;padding:.35em .625em .75em} |
| legend{border:0;padding:0} |
| button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;margin:0} |
| button,input{line-height:normal} |
| button,select{text-transform:none} |
| button,html input[type=button],input[type=reset],input[type=submit]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer} |
| button[disabled],html input[disabled]{cursor:default} |
| input[type=checkbox],input[type=radio]{padding:0} |
| button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0} |
| textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top} |
| table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0} |
| *,::before,::after{box-sizing:border-box} |
| html,body{font-size:100%} |
| body{background:#fff;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:0;margin:0;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;line-height:1;position:relative;cursor:auto;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;word-wrap:anywhere;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased} |
| a:hover{cursor:pointer} |
| img,object,embed{max-width:100%;height:auto} |
| object,embed{height:100%} |
| img{-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic} |
| .left{float:left!important} |
| .right{float:right!important} |
| .text-left{text-align:left!important} |
| .text-right{text-align:right!important} |
| .text-center{text-align:center!important} |
| .text-justify{text-align:justify!important} |
| .hide{display:none} |
| img,object,svg{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle} |
| textarea{height:auto;min-height:50px} |
| select{width:100%} |
| .subheader,.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{line-height:1.45;color:#7a2518;font-weight:400;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.25em} |
| div,dl,dt,dd,ul,ol,li,h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6,pre,form,p,blockquote,th,td{margin:0;padding:0} |
| a{color:#2156a5;text-decoration:underline;line-height:inherit} |
| a:hover,a:focus{color:#1d4b8f} |
| a img{border:0} |
| p{line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} |
| p aside{font-size:.875em;line-height:1.35;font-style:italic} |
| h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-style:normal;color:#ba3925;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:.5em;line-height:1.0125em} |
| h1 small,h2 small,h3 small,#toctitle small,.sidebarblock>.content>.title small,h4 small,h5 small,h6 small{font-size:60%;color:#e99b8f;line-height:0} |
| h1{font-size:2.125em} |
| h2{font-size:1.6875em} |
| h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.375em} |
| h4,h5{font-size:1.125em} |
| h6{font-size:1em} |
| hr{border:solid #dddddf;border-width:1px 0 0;clear:both;margin:1.25em 0 1.1875em} |
| em,i{font-style:italic;line-height:inherit} |
| strong,b{font-weight:bold;line-height:inherit} |
| small{font-size:60%;line-height:inherit} |
| code{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} |
| ul,ol,dl{line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;list-style-position:outside;font-family:inherit} |
| ul,ol{margin-left:1.5em} |
| ul li ul,ul li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0} |
| ul.circle{list-style-type:circle} |
| ul.disc{list-style-type:disc} |
| ul.square{list-style-type:square} |
| ul.circle ul:not([class]),ul.disc ul:not([class]),ul.square ul:not([class]){list-style:inherit} |
| ol li ul,ol li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0} |
| dl dt{margin-bottom:.3125em;font-weight:bold} |
| dl dd{margin-bottom:1.25em} |
| blockquote{margin:0 0 1.25em;padding:.5625em 1.25em 0 1.1875em;border-left:1px solid #ddd} |
| blockquote,blockquote p{line-height:1.6;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} |
| @media screen and (min-width:768px){h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2} |
| h1{font-size:2.75em} |
| h2{font-size:2.3125em} |
| h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.6875em} |
| h4{font-size:1.4375em}} |
| table{background:#fff;margin-bottom:1.25em;border:1px solid #dedede;word-wrap:normal} |
| table thead,table tfoot{background:#f7f8f7} |
| table thead tr th,table thead tr td,table tfoot tr th,table tfoot tr td{padding:.5em .625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);text-align:left} |
| table tr th,table tr td{padding:.5625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8)} |
| table tr.even,table tr.alt{background:#f8f8f7} |
| table thead tr th,table tfoot tr th,table tbody tr td,table tr td,table tfoot tr td{line-height:1.6} |
| h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2;word-spacing:-.05em} |
| h1 strong,h2 strong,h3 strong,#toctitle strong,.sidebarblock>.content>.title strong,h4 strong,h5 strong,h6 strong{font-weight:400} |
| .center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto} |
| .stretch{width:100%} |
| .clearfix::before,.clearfix::after,.float-group::before,.float-group::after{content:" ";display:table} |
| .clearfix::after,.float-group::after{clear:both} |
| :not(pre).nobreak{word-wrap:normal} |
| :not(pre).nowrap{white-space:nowrap} |
| :not(pre).pre-wrap{white-space:pre-wrap} |
| :not(pre):not([class^=L])>code{font-size:.9375em;font-style:normal!important;letter-spacing:0;padding:.1em .5ex;word-spacing:-.15em;background:#f7f7f8;border-radius:4px;line-height:1.45;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed} |
| pre{color:rgba(0,0,0,.9);font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;line-height:1.45;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed} |
| pre code,pre pre{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit} |
| pre>code{display:block} |
| pre.nowrap,pre.nowrap pre{white-space:pre;word-wrap:normal} |
| em em{font-style:normal} |
| strong strong{font-weight:400} |
| .keyseq{color:rgba(51,51,51,.8)} |
| kbd{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;display:inline-block;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-size:.65em;line-height:1.45;background:#f7f7f7;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),inset 0 0 0 .1em #fff;margin:0 .15em;padding:.2em .5em;vertical-align:middle;position:relative;top:-.1em;white-space:nowrap} |
| .keyseq kbd:first-child{margin-left:0} |
| .keyseq kbd:last-child{margin-right:0} |
| .menuseq,.menuref{color:#000} |
| .menuseq b:not(.caret),.menuref{font-weight:inherit} |
| .menuseq{word-spacing:-.02em} |
| .menuseq b.caret{font-size:1.25em;line-height:.8} |
| .menuseq i.caret{font-weight:bold;text-align:center;width:.45em} |
| b.button::before,b.button::after{position:relative;top:-1px;font-weight:400} |
| b.button::before{content:"[";padding:0 3px 0 2px} |
| b.button::after{content:"]";padding:0 2px 0 3px} |
| p a>code:hover{color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} |
| #header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{width:100%;margin:0 auto;max-width:62.5em;*zoom:1;position:relative;padding-left:.9375em;padding-right:.9375em} |
| #header::before,#header::after,#content::before,#content::after,#footnotes::before,#footnotes::after,#footer::before,#footer::after{content:" ";display:table} |
| #header::after,#content::after,#footnotes::after,#footer::after{clear:both} |
| #content{margin-top:1.25em} |
| #content::before{content:none} |
| #header>h1:first-child{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);margin-top:2.25rem;margin-bottom:0} |
| #header>h1:first-child+#toc{margin-top:8px;border-top:1px solid #dddddf} |
| #header>h1:only-child{border-bottom:1px solid #dddddf;padding-bottom:8px} |
| #header .details{border-bottom:1px solid #dddddf;line-height:1.45;padding-top:.25em;padding-bottom:.25em;padding-left:.25em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap} |
| #header .details span:first-child{margin-left:-.125em} |
| #header .details span.email a{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} |
| #header .details br{display:none} |
| #header .details br+span::before{content:"\00a0\2013\00a0"} |
| #header .details br+span.author::before{content:"\00a0\22c5\00a0";color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} |
| #header .details br+span#revremark::before{content:"\00a0|\00a0"} |
| #header #revnumber{text-transform:capitalize} |
| #header #revnumber::after{content:"\00a0"} |
| #content>h1:first-child:not([class]){color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);border-bottom:1px solid #dddddf;padding-bottom:8px;margin-top:0;padding-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem} |
| #toc{border-bottom:1px solid #e7e7e9;padding-bottom:.5em} |
| #toc>ul{margin-left:.125em} |
| #toc ul.sectlevel0>li>a{font-style:italic} |
| #toc ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{margin:.5em 0} |
| #toc ul{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;list-style-type:none} |
| #toc li{line-height:1.3334;margin-top:.3334em} |
| #toc a{text-decoration:none} |
| #toc a:active{text-decoration:underline} |
| #toctitle{color:#7a2518;font-size:1.2em} |
| @media screen and (min-width:768px){#toctitle{font-size:1.375em} |
| body.toc2{padding-left:15em;padding-right:0} |
| body.toc2 #header>h1:nth-last-child(2){border-bottom:1px solid #dddddf;padding-bottom:8px} |
| #toc.toc2{margin-top:0!important;background:#f8f8f7;position:fixed;width:15em;left:0;top:0;border-right:1px solid #e7e7e9;border-top-width:0!important;border-bottom-width:0!important;z-index:1000;padding:1.25em 1em;height:100%;overflow:auto} |
| #toc.toc2 #toctitle{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.8rem;font-size:1.2em} |
| #toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.9em;margin-bottom:0} |
| #toc.toc2 ul ul{margin-left:0;padding-left:1em} |
| #toc.toc2 ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{padding-left:0;margin-top:.5em;margin-bottom:.5em} |
| body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:15em} |
| body.toc2.toc-right #toc.toc2{border-right-width:0;border-left:1px solid #e7e7e9;left:auto;right:0}} |
| @media screen and (min-width:1280px){body.toc2{padding-left:20em;padding-right:0} |
| #toc.toc2{width:20em} |
| #toc.toc2 #toctitle{font-size:1.375em} |
| #toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.95em} |
| #toc.toc2 ul ul{padding-left:1.25em} |
| body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:20em}} |
| #content #toc{border:1px solid #e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;border-radius:4px} |
| #content #toc>:first-child{margin-top:0} |
| #content #toc>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} |
| #footer{max-width:none;background:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:1.25em} |
| #footer-text{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.8);line-height:1.44} |
| #content{margin-bottom:.625em} |
| .sect1{padding-bottom:.625em} |
| @media screen and (min-width:768px){#content{margin-bottom:1.25em} |
| .sect1{padding-bottom:1.25em}} |
| .sect1:last-child{padding-bottom:0} |
| .sect1+.sect1{border-top:1px solid #e7e7e9} |
| #content h1>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor,#toctitle>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor{position:absolute;z-index:1001;width:1.5ex;margin-left:-1.5ex;display:block;text-decoration:none!important;visibility:hidden;text-align:center;font-weight:400} |
| #content h1>a.anchor::before,h2>a.anchor::before,h3>a.anchor::before,#toctitle>a.anchor::before,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor::before,h4>a.anchor::before,h5>a.anchor::before,h6>a.anchor::before{content:"\00A7";font-size:.85em;display:block;padding-top:.1em} |
| #content h1:hover>a.anchor,#content h1>a.anchor:hover,h2:hover>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor:hover,h3:hover>a.anchor,#toctitle:hover>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title:hover>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor:hover,#toctitle>a.anchor:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:hover,h4:hover>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor:hover,h5:hover>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor:hover,h6:hover>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor:hover{visibility:visible} |
| #content h1>a.link,h2>a.link,h3>a.link,#toctitle>a.link,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link,h4>a.link,h5>a.link,h6>a.link{color:#ba3925;text-decoration:none} |
| #content h1>a.link:hover,h2>a.link:hover,h3>a.link:hover,#toctitle>a.link:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link:hover,h4>a.link:hover,h5>a.link:hover,h6>a.link:hover{color:#a53221} |
| details,.audioblock,.imageblock,.literalblock,.listingblock,.stemblock,.videoblock{margin-bottom:1.25em} |
| details{margin-left:1.25rem} |
| details>summary{cursor:pointer;display:block;position:relative;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:.625rem;outline:none;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent} |
| details>summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} |
| details>summary::before{content:"";border:solid transparent;border-left:solid;border-width:.3em 0 .3em .5em;position:absolute;top:.5em;left:-1.25rem;transform:translateX(15%)} |
| details[open]>summary::before{border:solid transparent;border-top:solid;border-width:.5em .3em 0;transform:translateY(15%)} |
| details>summary::after{content:"";width:1.25rem;height:1em;position:absolute;top:.3em;left:-1.25rem} |
| .admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;text-align:left;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-size:1rem;font-style:italic} |
| table.tableblock.fit-content>caption.title{white-space:nowrap;width:0} |
| .paragraph.lead>p,#preamble>.sectionbody>[class=paragraph]:first-of-type p{font-size:1.21875em;line-height:1.6;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} |
| .admonitionblock>table{border-collapse:separate;border:0;background:none;width:100%} |
| .admonitionblock>table td.icon{text-align:center;width:80px} |
| .admonitionblock>table td.icon img{max-width:none} |
| .admonitionblock>table td.icon .title{font-weight:bold;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase} |
| .admonitionblock>table td.content{padding-left:1.125em;padding-right:1.25em;border-left:1px solid #dddddf;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);word-wrap:anywhere} |
| .admonitionblock>table td.content>:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} |
| .exampleblock>.content{border:1px solid #e6e6e6;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#fff;border-radius:4px} |
| .sidebarblock{border:1px solid #dbdbd6;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f3f3f2;border-radius:4px} |
| .sidebarblock>.content>.title{color:#7a2518;margin-top:0;text-align:center} |
| .exampleblock>.content>:first-child,.sidebarblock>.content>:first-child{margin-top:0} |
| .exampleblock>.content>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} |
| .literalblock pre,.listingblock>.content>pre{border-radius:4px;overflow-x:auto;padding:1em;font-size:.8125em} |
| @media screen and (min-width:768px){.literalblock pre,.listingblock>.content>pre{font-size:.90625em}} |
| @media screen and (min-width:1280px){.literalblock pre,.listingblock>.content>pre{font-size:1em}} |
| .literalblock pre,.listingblock>.content>pre:not(.highlight),.listingblock>.content>pre[class=highlight],.listingblock>.content>pre[class^="highlight "]{background:#f7f7f8} |
| .literalblock.output pre{color:#f7f7f8;background:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} |
| .listingblock>.content{position:relative} |
| .listingblock code[data-lang]::before{display:none;content:attr(data-lang);position:absolute;font-size:.75em;top:.425rem;right:.5rem;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase;color:inherit;opacity:.5} |
| .listingblock:hover code[data-lang]::before{display:block} |
| .listingblock.terminal pre .command::before{content:attr(data-prompt);padding-right:.5em;color:inherit;opacity:.5} |
| .listingblock.terminal pre .command:not([data-prompt])::before{content:"$"} |
| .listingblock pre.highlightjs{padding:0} |
| .listingblock pre.highlightjs>code{padding:1em;border-radius:4px} |
| .listingblock pre.prettyprint{border-width:0} |
| .prettyprint{background:#f7f7f8} |
| pre.prettyprint .linenums{line-height:1.45;margin-left:2em} |
| pre.prettyprint li{background:none;list-style-type:inherit;padding-left:0} |
| pre.prettyprint li code[data-lang]::before{opacity:1} |
| pre.prettyprint li:not(:first-child) code[data-lang]::before{display:none} |
| table.linenotable{border-collapse:separate;border:0;margin-bottom:0;background:none} |
| table.linenotable td[class]{color:inherit;vertical-align:top;padding:0;line-height:inherit;white-space:normal} |
| table.linenotable td.code{padding-left:.75em} |
| table.linenotable td.linenos,pre.pygments .linenos{border-right:1px solid;opacity:.35;padding-right:.5em;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none} |
| pre.pygments span.linenos{display:inline-block;margin-right:.75em} |
| .quoteblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em 1.5em;display:table} |
| .quoteblock:not(.excerpt)>.title{margin-left:-1.5em;margin-bottom:.75em} |
| .quoteblock blockquote,.quoteblock p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-size:1.15rem;line-height:1.75;word-spacing:.1em;letter-spacing:0;font-style:italic;text-align:justify} |
| .quoteblock blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border:0} |
| .quoteblock blockquote::before{content:"\201c";float:left;font-size:2.75em;font-weight:bold;line-height:.6em;margin-left:-.6em;color:#7a2518;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1)} |
| .quoteblock blockquote>.paragraph:last-child p{margin-bottom:0} |
| .quoteblock .attribution{margin-top:.75em;margin-right:.5ex;text-align:right} |
| .verseblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em} |
| .verseblock pre{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-size:1.15rem;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-weight:300;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} |
| .verseblock pre strong{font-weight:400} |
| .verseblock .attribution{margin-top:1.25rem;margin-left:.5ex} |
| .quoteblock .attribution,.verseblock .attribution{font-size:.9375em;line-height:1.45;font-style:italic} |
| .quoteblock .attribution br,.verseblock .attribution br{display:none} |
| .quoteblock .attribution cite,.verseblock .attribution cite{display:block;letter-spacing:-.025em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} |
| .quoteblock.abstract blockquote::before,.quoteblock.excerpt blockquote::before,.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote::before{display:none} |
| .quoteblock.abstract blockquote,.quoteblock.abstract p,.quoteblock.excerpt blockquote,.quoteblock.excerpt p,.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote,.quoteblock .quoteblock p{line-height:1.6;word-spacing:0} |
| .quoteblock.abstract{margin:0 1em 1.25em;display:block} |
| .quoteblock.abstract>.title{margin:0 0 .375em;font-size:1.15em;text-align:center} |
| .quoteblock.excerpt>blockquote,.quoteblock .quoteblock{padding:0 0 .25em 1em;border-left:.25em solid #dddddf} |
| .quoteblock.excerpt,.quoteblock .quoteblock{margin-left:0} |
| .quoteblock.excerpt blockquote,.quoteblock.excerpt p,.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote,.quoteblock .quoteblock p{color:inherit;font-size:1.0625rem} |
| .quoteblock.excerpt .attribution,.quoteblock .quoteblock .attribution{color:inherit;font-size:.85rem;text-align:left;margin-right:0} |
| p.tableblock:last-child{margin-bottom:0} |
| td.tableblock>.content{margin-bottom:1.25em;word-wrap:anywhere} |
| td.tableblock>.content>:last-child{margin-bottom:-1.25em} |
| table.tableblock,th.tableblock,td.tableblock{border:0 solid #dedede} |
| table.grid-all>*>tr>*{border-width:1px} |
| table.grid-cols>*>tr>*{border-width:0 1px} |
| table.grid-rows>*>tr>*{border-width:1px 0} |
| table.frame-all{border-width:1px} |
| table.frame-ends{border-width:1px 0} |
| table.frame-sides{border-width:0 1px} |
| table.frame-none>colgroup+*>:first-child>*,table.frame-sides>colgroup+*>:first-child>*{border-top-width:0} |
| table.frame-none>:last-child>:last-child>*,table.frame-sides>:last-child>:last-child>*{border-bottom-width:0} |
| table.frame-none>*>tr>:first-child,table.frame-ends>*>tr>:first-child{border-left-width:0} |
| table.frame-none>*>tr>:last-child,table.frame-ends>*>tr>:last-child{border-right-width:0} |
| table.stripes-all>*>tr,table.stripes-odd>*>tr:nth-of-type(odd),table.stripes-even>*>tr:nth-of-type(even),table.stripes-hover>*>tr:hover{background:#f8f8f7} |
| th.halign-left,td.halign-left{text-align:left} |
| th.halign-right,td.halign-right{text-align:right} |
| th.halign-center,td.halign-center{text-align:center} |
| th.valign-top,td.valign-top{vertical-align:top} |
| th.valign-bottom,td.valign-bottom{vertical-align:bottom} |
| th.valign-middle,td.valign-middle{vertical-align:middle} |
| table thead th,table tfoot th{font-weight:bold} |
| tbody tr th{background:#f7f8f7} |
| tbody tr th,tbody tr th p,tfoot tr th,tfoot tr th p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-weight:bold} |
| p.tableblock>code:only-child{background:none;padding:0} |
| p.tableblock{font-size:1em} |
| ol{margin-left:1.75em} |
| ul li ol{margin-left:1.5em} |
| dl dd{margin-left:1.125em} |
| dl dd:last-child,dl dd:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} |
| li p,ul dd,ol dd,.olist .olist,.ulist .ulist,.ulist .olist,.olist .ulist{margin-bottom:.625em} |
| ul.checklist,ul.none,ol.none,ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered,ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{list-style-type:none} |
| ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered{margin-left:.625em} |
| ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{margin-left:0} |
| li>p:empty:only-child::before{content:"";display:inline-block} |
| ul.checklist>li>p:first-child{margin-left:-1em} |
| ul.checklist>li>p:first-child>.fa-square-o:first-child,ul.checklist>li>p:first-child>.fa-check-square-o:first-child{width:1.25em;font-size:.8em;position:relative;bottom:.125em} |
| ul.checklist>li>p:first-child>input[type=checkbox]:first-child{margin-right:.25em} |
| ul.inline{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;list-style:none;margin:0 0 .625em -1.25em} |
| ul.inline>li{margin-left:1.25em} |
| .unstyled dl dt{font-weight:400;font-style:normal} |
| ol.arabic{list-style-type:decimal} |
| ol.decimal{list-style-type:decimal-leading-zero} |
| ol.loweralpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha} |
| ol.upperalpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha} |
| ol.lowerroman{list-style-type:lower-roman} |
| ol.upperroman{list-style-type:upper-roman} |
| ol.lowergreek{list-style-type:lower-greek} |
| .hdlist>table,.colist>table{border:0;background:none} |
| .hdlist>table>tbody>tr,.colist>table>tbody>tr{background:none} |
| td.hdlist1,td.hdlist2{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .625em} |
| td.hdlist1{font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:1.25em} |
| td.hdlist2{word-wrap:anywhere} |
| .literalblock+.colist,.listingblock+.colist{margin-top:-.5em} |
| .colist td:not([class]):first-child{padding:.4em .75em 0;line-height:1;vertical-align:top} |
| .colist td:not([class]):first-child img{max-width:none} |
| .colist td:not([class]):last-child{padding:.25em 0} |
| .thumb,.th{line-height:0;display:inline-block;border:4px solid #fff;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd} |
| .imageblock.left{margin:.25em .625em 1.25em 0} |
| .imageblock.right{margin:.25em 0 1.25em .625em} |
| .imageblock>.title{margin-bottom:0} |
| .imageblock.thumb,.imageblock.th{border-width:6px} |
| .imageblock.thumb>.title,.imageblock.th>.title{padding:0 .125em} |
| .image.left,.image.right{margin-top:.25em;margin-bottom:.25em;display:inline-block;line-height:0} |
| .image.left{margin-right:.625em} |
| .image.right{margin-left:.625em} |
| a.image{text-decoration:none;display:inline-block} |
| a.image object{pointer-events:none} |
| sup.footnote,sup.footnoteref{font-size:.875em;position:static;vertical-align:super} |
| sup.footnote a,sup.footnoteref a{text-decoration:none} |
| sup.footnote a:active,sup.footnoteref a:active,#footnotes .footnote a:first-of-type:active{text-decoration:underline} |
| #footnotes{padding-top:.75em;padding-bottom:.75em;margin-bottom:.625em} |
| #footnotes hr{width:20%;min-width:6.25em;margin:-.25em 0 .75em;border-width:1px 0 0} |
| #footnotes .footnote{padding:0 .375em 0 .225em;line-height:1.3334;font-size:.875em;margin-left:1.2em;margin-bottom:.2em} |
| #footnotes .footnote a:first-of-type{font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none;margin-left:-1.05em} |
| #footnotes .footnote:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0} |
| #content #footnotes{margin-top:-.625em;margin-bottom:0;padding:.75em 0} |
| div.unbreakable{page-break-inside:avoid} |
| .big{font-size:larger} |
| .small{font-size:smaller} |
| .underline{text-decoration:underline} |
| .overline{text-decoration:overline} |
| .line-through{text-decoration:line-through} |
| .aqua{color:#00bfbf} |
| .aqua-background{background:#00fafa} |
| .black{color:#000} |
| .black-background{background:#000} |
| .blue{color:#0000bf} |
| .blue-background{background:#0000fa} |
| .fuchsia{color:#bf00bf} |
| .fuchsia-background{background:#fa00fa} |
| .gray{color:#606060} |
| .gray-background{background:#7d7d7d} |
| .green{color:#006000} |
| .green-background{background:#007d00} |
| .lime{color:#00bf00} |
| .lime-background{background:#00fa00} |
| .maroon{color:#600000} |
| .maroon-background{background:#7d0000} |
| .navy{color:#000060} |
| .navy-background{background:#00007d} |
| .olive{color:#606000} |
| .olive-background{background:#7d7d00} |
| .purple{color:#600060} |
| .purple-background{background:#7d007d} |
| .red{color:#bf0000} |
| .red-background{background:#fa0000} |
| .silver{color:#909090} |
| .silver-background{background:#bcbcbc} |
| .teal{color:#006060} |
| .teal-background{background:#007d7d} |
| .white{color:#bfbfbf} |
| .white-background{background:#fafafa} |
| .yellow{color:#bfbf00} |
| .yellow-background{background:#fafa00} |
| span.icon>.fa{cursor:default} |
| a span.icon>.fa{cursor:inherit} |
| .admonitionblock td.icon [class^="fa icon-"]{font-size:2.5em;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.5);cursor:default} |
| .admonitionblock td.icon .icon-note::before{content:"\f05a";color:#19407c} |
| .admonitionblock td.icon .icon-tip::before{content:"\f0eb";text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(155,155,0,.8);color:#111} |
| .admonitionblock td.icon .icon-warning::before{content:"\f071";color:#bf6900} |
| .admonitionblock td.icon .icon-caution::before{content:"\f06d";color:#bf3400} |
| .admonitionblock td.icon .icon-important::before{content:"\f06a";color:#bf0000} |
| .conum[data-value]{display:inline-block;color:#fff!important;background:rgba(0,0,0,.8);border-radius:50%;text-align:center;font-size:.75em;width:1.67em;height:1.67em;line-height:1.67em;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold} |
| .conum[data-value] *{color:#fff!important} |
| .conum[data-value]+b{display:none} |
| .conum[data-value]::after{content:attr(data-value)} |
| pre .conum[data-value]{position:relative;top:-.125em} |
| b.conum *{color:inherit!important} |
| .conum:not([data-value]):empty{display:none} |
| dt,th.tableblock,td.content,div.footnote{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} |
| h1,h2,p,td.content,span.alt,summary{letter-spacing:-.01em} |
| p strong,td.content strong,div.footnote strong{letter-spacing:-.005em} |
| p,blockquote,dt,td.content,td.hdlist1,span.alt,summary{font-size:1.0625rem} |
| p{margin-bottom:1.25rem} |
| .sidebarblock p,.sidebarblock dt,.sidebarblock td.content,p.tableblock{font-size:1em} |
| .exampleblock>.content{background:#fffef7;border-color:#e0e0dc;box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc} |
| .print-only{display:none!important} |
| @page{margin:1.25cm .75cm} |
| @media print{*{box-shadow:none!important;text-shadow:none!important} |
| html{font-size:80%} |
| a{color:inherit!important;text-decoration:underline!important} |
| a.bare,a[href^="#"],a[href^="mailto:"]{text-decoration:none!important} |
| a[href^="http:"]:not(.bare)::after,a[href^="https:"]:not(.bare)::after{content:"(" attr(href) ")";display:inline-block;font-size:.875em;padding-left:.25em} |
| abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted} |
| abbr[title]::after{content:" (" attr(title) ")"} |
| pre,blockquote,tr,img,object,svg{page-break-inside:avoid} |
| thead{display:table-header-group} |
| svg{max-width:100%} |
| p,blockquote,dt,td.content{font-size:1em;orphans:3;widows:3} |
| h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{page-break-after:avoid} |
| #header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{max-width:none} |
| #toc,.sidebarblock,.exampleblock>.content{background:none!important} |
| #toc{border-bottom:1px solid #dddddf!important;padding-bottom:0!important} |
| body.book #header{text-align:center} |
| body.book #header>h1:first-child{border:0!important;margin:2.5em 0 1em} |
| body.book #header .details{border:0!important;display:block;padding:0!important} |
| body.book #header .details span:first-child{margin-left:0!important} |
| body.book #header .details br{display:block} |
| body.book #header .details br+span::before{content:none!important} |
| body.book #toc{border:0!important;text-align:left!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important} |
| body.book #toc,body.book #preamble,body.book h1.sect0,body.book .sect1>h2{page-break-before:always} |
| .listingblock code[data-lang]::before{display:block} |
| #footer{padding:0 .9375em} |
| .hide-on-print{display:none!important} |
| .print-only{display:block!important} |
| .hide-for-print{display:none!important} |
| .show-for-print{display:inherit!important}} |
| @media amzn-kf8,print{#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem} |
| .sect1{padding:0!important} |
| .sect1+.sect1{border:0} |
| #footer{background:none} |
| #footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);font-size:.9em}} |
| @media amzn-kf8{#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{padding:0}} |
| </style> |
| <style> |
| pre>code { |
| display: inline; |
| } |
| </style> |
| </head> |
| <body class="manpage"> |
| <div id="header"> |
| <h1>git-rev-parse(1) Manual Page</h1> |
| <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <p>git-rev-parse - Pick out and massage parameters</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="content"> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="verseblock"> |
| <pre class="content"><em>git rev-parse</em> [<options>] <arg>…​</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Many Git porcelainish commands take a mixture of flags |
| (i.e. parameters that begin with a dash <em>-</em>) and parameters |
| meant for the underlying <em>git rev-list</em> command they use internally |
| and flags and parameters for the other commands they use |
| downstream of <em>git rev-list</em>. The primary purpose of this command |
| is to allow calling programs to distinguish between them. There are |
| a few other operation modes that have nothing to do with the above |
| "help parse command line options".</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Unless otherwise specified, most of the options and operation modes |
| require you to run this command inside a git repository or a working |
| tree that is under the control of a git repository, and will give you |
| a fatal error otherwise.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_operation_modes">Operation Modes</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Each of these options must appear first on the command line.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--parseopt</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Use <em>git rev-parse</em> in option parsing mode (see PARSEOPT section below). |
| The command in this mode can be used outside a repository or |
| a working tree controlled by a repository.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--sq-quote</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Use <em>git rev-parse</em> in shell quoting mode (see SQ-QUOTE |
| section below). In contrast to the <code>--sq</code> option below, this |
| mode only does quoting. Nothing else is done to command input. |
| The command in this mode can be used outside a repository or |
| a working tree controlled by a repository.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_options_for_parseopt">Options for --parseopt</h3> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--keep-dashdash</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Only meaningful in <code>--parseopt</code> mode. Tells the option parser to echo |
| out the first <code>--</code> met instead of skipping it.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--stop-at-non-option</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Only meaningful in <code>--parseopt</code> mode. Lets the option parser stop at |
| the first non-option argument. This can be used to parse sub-commands |
| that take options themselves.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--stuck-long</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Only meaningful in <code>--parseopt</code> mode. Output the options in their |
| long form if available, and with their arguments stuck.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_options_for_filtering">Options for Filtering</h3> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--revs-only</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Do not output flags and parameters not meant for |
| <em>git rev-list</em> command.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--no-revs</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Do not output flags and parameters meant for |
| <em>git rev-list</em> command.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--flags</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Do not output non-flag parameters.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--no-flags</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Do not output flag parameters.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_options_for_output">Options for Output</h3> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--default <arg></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>If there is no parameter given by the user, use <em><arg></em> |
| instead.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--prefix <arg></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Behave as if <em>git rev-parse</em> was invoked from the <em><arg></em> |
| subdirectory of the working tree. Any relative filenames are |
| resolved as if they are prefixed by <em><arg></em> and will be printed |
| in that form.</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This can be used to convert arguments to a command run in a subdirectory |
| so that they can still be used after moving to the top-level of the |
| repository. For example:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>prefix=$(git rev-parse --show-prefix) |
| cd "$(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)" |
| # rev-parse provides the -- needed for 'set' |
| eval "set $(git rev-parse --sq --prefix "$prefix" -- "$@")"</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--verify</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Verify that exactly one parameter is provided, and that it |
| can be turned into a raw 20-byte SHA-1 that can be used to |
| access the object database. If so, emit it to the standard |
| output; otherwise, error out.</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If you want to make sure that the output actually names an object in |
| your object database and/or can be used as a specific type of object |
| you require, you can add the <code>^</code>{type} peeling operator to the parameter. |
| For example, <code>git</code> <code>rev-parse</code> "$VAR^{commit}" will make sure <code>$VAR</code> |
| names an existing object that is a commit-ish (i.e. a commit, or an |
| annotated tag that points at a commit). To make sure that <code>$VAR</code> |
| names an existing object of any type, <code>git</code> <code>rev-parse</code> "$VAR^{object}" |
| can be used.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Note that if you are verifying a name from an untrusted source, it is |
| wise to use <code>--end-of-options</code> so that the name argument is not mistaken |
| for another option.</p> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">-q</dt> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--quiet</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Only meaningful in <code>--verify</code> mode. Do not output an error |
| message if the first argument is not a valid object name; |
| instead exit with non-zero status silently. |
| SHA-1s for valid object names are printed to stdout on success.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--sq</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Usually the output is made one line per flag and |
| parameter. This option makes output a single line, |
| properly quoted for consumption by shell. Useful when |
| you expect your parameter to contain whitespaces and |
| newlines (e.g. when using pickaxe <code>-S</code> with |
| <em>git diff-*</em>). In contrast to the <code>--sq-quote</code> option, |
| the command input is still interpreted as usual.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--short[=<length>]</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Same as <code>--verify</code> but shortens the object name to a unique |
| prefix with at least <code>length</code> characters. The minimum length |
| is 4, the default is the effective value of the <code>core.abbrev</code> |
| configuration variable (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--not</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>When showing object names, prefix them with <em>^</em> and |
| strip <em>^</em> prefix from the object names that already have |
| one.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--abbrev-ref[=(strict|loose)]</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A non-ambiguous short name of the objects name. |
| The option core.warnAmbiguousRefs is used to select the strict |
| abbreviation mode.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--symbolic</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Usually the object names are output in SHA-1 form (with |
| possible <em>^</em> prefix); this option makes them output in a |
| form as close to the original input as possible.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--symbolic-full-name</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>This is similar to --symbolic, but it omits input that |
| are not refs (i.e. branch or tag names; or more |
| explicitly disambiguating "heads/master" form, when you |
| want to name the "master" branch when there is an |
| unfortunately named tag "master"), and shows them as full |
| refnames (e.g. "refs/heads/master").</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--output-object-format=(sha1|sha256|storage)</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Allow oids to be input from any object format that the current |
| repository supports.</p> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>Specifying "sha1" translates if necessary and returns a sha1 oid.</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>Specifying "sha256" translates if necessary and returns a sha256 oid.</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>Specifying "storage" translates if necessary and returns an oid in |
| encoded in the storage hash algorithm.</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_options_for_objects">Options for Objects</h3> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--all</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Show all refs found in <code>refs/</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--branches[=<pattern>]</dt> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--tags[=<pattern>]</dt> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--remotes[=<pattern>]</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Show all branches, tags, or remote-tracking branches, |
| respectively (i.e., refs found in <code>refs/heads</code>, |
| <code>refs/tags</code>, or <code>refs/remotes</code>, respectively).</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If a <code>pattern</code> is given, only refs matching the given shell glob are |
| shown. If the pattern does not contain a globbing character (?, |
| <code>*</code>, or [), it is turned into a prefix match by appending <code>/*</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--glob=<pattern></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Show all refs matching the shell glob pattern <code>pattern</code>. If |
| the pattern does not start with <code>refs/</code>, this is automatically |
| prepended. If the pattern does not contain a globbing |
| character (?, <code>*</code>, or [), it is turned into a prefix |
| match by appending <code>/*</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--exclude=<glob-pattern></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Do not include refs matching <em><glob-pattern></em> that the next <code>--all</code>, |
| <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or <code>--glob</code> would otherwise |
| consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns |
| up to the next <code>--all</code>, <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or |
| <code>--glob</code> option (other options or arguments do not clear |
| accumulated patterns).</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The patterns given should not begin with <code>refs/heads</code>, <code>refs/tags</code>, or |
| <code>refs/remotes</code> when applied to <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, or <code>--remotes</code>, |
| respectively, and they must begin with <code>refs/</code> when applied to <code>--glob</code> |
| or <code>--all</code>. If a trailing <em>/*</em> is intended, it must be given |
| explicitly.</p> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--exclude-hidden=(fetch|receive|uploadpack)</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Do not include refs that would be hidden by <code>git-fetch</code>, |
| <code>git-receive-pack</code> or <code>git-upload-pack</code> by consulting the appropriate |
| <code>fetch.hideRefs</code>, <code>receive.hideRefs</code> or <code>uploadpack.hideRefs</code> |
| configuration along with <code>transfer.hideRefs</code> (see |
| <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). This option affects the next pseudo-ref option |
| <code>--all</code> or <code>--glob</code> and is cleared after processing them.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--disambiguate=<prefix></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Show every object whose name begins with the given prefix. |
| The <prefix> must be at least 4 hexadecimal digits long to |
| avoid listing each and every object in the repository by |
| mistake.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_options_for_files">Options for Files</h3> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--local-env-vars</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>List the GIT_* environment variables that are local to the |
| repository (e.g. GIT_DIR or GIT_WORK_TREE, but not GIT_EDITOR). |
| Only the names of the variables are listed, not their value, |
| even if they are set.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--path-format=(absolute|relative)</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Controls the behavior of certain other options. If specified as absolute, the |
| paths printed by those options will be absolute and canonical. If specified as |
| relative, the paths will be relative to the current working directory if that |
| is possible. The default is option specific.</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This option may be specified multiple times and affects only the arguments that |
| follow it on the command line, either to the end of the command line or the next |
| instance of this option.</p> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The following options are modified by <code>--path-format</code>:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--git-dir</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Show <code>$GIT_DIR</code> if defined. Otherwise show the path to |
| the .git directory. The path shown, when relative, is |
| relative to the current working directory.</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If <code>$GIT_DIR</code> is not defined and the current directory |
| is not detected to lie in a Git repository or work tree |
| print a message to stderr and exit with nonzero status.</p> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--git-common-dir</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Show <code>$GIT_COMMON_DIR</code> if defined, else <code>$GIT_DIR</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--resolve-git-dir <path></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Check if <path> is a valid repository or a gitfile that |
| points at a valid repository, and print the location of the |
| repository. If <path> is a gitfile then the resolved path |
| to the real repository is printed.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--git-path <path></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Resolve "$GIT_DIR/<path>" and takes other path relocation |
| variables such as $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY, |
| $GIT_INDEX_FILE…​ into account. For example, if |
| $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY is set to /foo/bar then "git rev-parse |
| --git-path objects/abc" returns /foo/bar/abc.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--show-toplevel</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Show the (by default, absolute) path of the top-level directory |
| of the working tree. If there is no working tree, report an error.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--show-superproject-working-tree</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Show the absolute path of the root of the superproject’s |
| working tree (if exists) that uses the current repository as |
| its submodule. Outputs nothing if the current repository is |
| not used as a submodule by any project.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--shared-index-path</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Show the path to the shared index file in split index mode, or |
| empty if not in split-index mode.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The following options are unaffected by <code>--path-format</code>:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--absolute-git-dir</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Like <code>--git-dir</code>, but its output is always the canonicalized |
| absolute path.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--is-inside-git-dir</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>When the current working directory is below the repository |
| directory print "true", otherwise "false".</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--is-inside-work-tree</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>When the current working directory is inside the work tree of the |
| repository print "true", otherwise "false".</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--is-bare-repository</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>When the repository is bare print "true", otherwise "false".</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--is-shallow-repository</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>When the repository is shallow print "true", otherwise "false".</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--show-cdup</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>When the command is invoked from a subdirectory, show the |
| path of the top-level directory relative to the current |
| directory (typically a sequence of "../", or an empty string).</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--show-prefix</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>When the command is invoked from a subdirectory, show the |
| path of the current directory relative to the top-level |
| directory.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--show-object-format[=(storage|input|output)]</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Show the object format (hash algorithm) used for the repository |
| for storage inside the .<code>git</code> directory, input, or output. For |
| input, multiple algorithms may be printed, space-separated. |
| If not specified, the default is "storage".</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--show-ref-format</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Show the reference storage format used for the repository.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_other_options">Other Options</h3> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--since=<datestring></dt> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--after=<datestring></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Parse the date string, and output the corresponding |
| --max-age= parameter for <em>git rev-list</em>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--until=<datestring></dt> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">--before=<datestring></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Parse the date string, and output the corresponding |
| --min-age= parameter for <em>git rev-list</em>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><arg>…​</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Flags and parameters to be parsed.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_specifying_revisions">SPECIFYING REVISIONS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A revision parameter <em><rev></em> typically, but not necessarily, names a |
| commit object. It uses what is called an <em>extended SHA-1</em> |
| syntax. Here are various ways to spell object names. The |
| ones listed near the end of this list name trees and |
| blobs contained in a commit.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="admonitionblock note"> |
| <table> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="icon"> |
| <div class="title">Note</div> |
| </td> |
| <td class="content"> |
| This document shows the "raw" syntax as seen by git. The shell |
| and other UIs might require additional quoting to protect special |
| characters and to avoid word splitting. |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| </table> |
| </div> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><sha1></em>, e.g. <em>dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735</em>, <em>dae86e</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>The full SHA-1 object name (40-byte hexadecimal string), or |
| a leading substring that is unique within the repository. |
| E.g. dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735 and dae86e both |
| name the same commit object if there is no other object in |
| your repository whose object name starts with dae86e.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><describeOutput></em>, e.g. <em>v1.7.4.2-679-g3bee7fb</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Output from <code>git</code> <code>describe</code>; i.e. a closest tag, optionally |
| followed by a dash and a number of commits, followed by a dash, a |
| <em>g</em>, and an abbreviated object name.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><refname></em>, e.g. <em>master</em>, <em>heads/master</em>, <em>refs/heads/master</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A symbolic ref name. E.g. <em>master</em> typically means the commit |
| object referenced by <em>refs/heads/master</em>. If you |
| happen to have both <em>heads/master</em> and <em>tags/master</em>, you can |
| explicitly say <em>heads/master</em> to tell Git which one you mean. |
| When ambiguous, a <em><refname></em> is disambiguated by taking the |
| first match in the following rules:</p> |
| <div class="olist arabic"> |
| <ol class="arabic"> |
| <li> |
| <p>If <em>$GIT_DIR/<refname></em> exists, that is what you mean (this is usually |
| useful only for <code>HEAD</code>, <code>FETCH_HEAD</code>, <code>ORIG_HEAD</code>, <code>MERGE_HEAD</code>, |
| <code>REBASE_HEAD</code>, <code>REVERT_HEAD</code>, <code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code>, <code>BISECT_HEAD</code> |
| and <code>AUTO_MERGE</code>);</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>otherwise, <em>refs/<refname></em> if it exists;</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>otherwise, <em>refs/tags/<refname></em> if it exists;</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>otherwise, <em>refs/heads/<refname></em> if it exists;</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>otherwise, <em>refs/remotes/<refname></em> if it exists;</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>otherwise, <em>refs/remotes/<refname>/HEAD</em> if it exists.</p> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>HEAD</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>names the commit on which you based the changes in the working tree.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>FETCH_HEAD</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>records the branch which you fetched from a remote repository with |
| your last <code>git</code> <code>fetch</code> invocation.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>ORIG_HEAD</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>is created by commands that move your <code>HEAD</code> in a drastic way (<code>git</code> |
| <code>am</code>, <code>git</code> <code>merge</code>, <code>git</code> <code>rebase</code>, <code>git</code> <code>reset</code>), to record the position |
| of the <code>HEAD</code> before their operation, so that you can easily change |
| the tip of the branch back to the state before you ran them.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>MERGE_HEAD</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>records the commit(s) which you are merging into your branch when you |
| run <code>git</code> <code>merge</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>REBASE_HEAD</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>during a rebase, records the commit at which the operation is |
| currently stopped, either because of conflicts or an <code>edit</code> command in |
| an interactive rebase.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>REVERT_HEAD</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>records the commit which you are reverting when you run <code>git</code> <code>revert</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>records the commit which you are cherry-picking when you run <code>git</code> |
| <code>cherry-pick</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>BISECT_HEAD</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>records the current commit to be tested when you run <code>git</code> <code>bisect</code> |
| <code>--no-checkout</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>AUTO_MERGE</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>records a tree object corresponding to the state the |
| <em>ort</em> merge strategy wrote to the working tree when a merge operation |
| resulted in conflicts.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Note that any of the <em>refs/*</em> cases above may come either from |
| the <code>$GIT_DIR/refs</code> directory or from the <code>$GIT_DIR/packed-refs</code> file. |
| While the ref name encoding is unspecified, UTF-8 is preferred as |
| some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8.</p> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>@</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p><em>@</em> alone is a shortcut for <code>HEAD</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>[<refname>]@{<date>}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{yesterday}</em>, <em>HEAD@{5 minutes ago}</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A ref followed by the suffix <em>@</em> with a date specification |
| enclosed in a brace |
| pair (e.g. <em>{yesterday}</em>, <em>{1 month 2 weeks 3 days 1 hour 1 |
| second ago}</em> or <em>{1979-02-26 18:30:00}</em>) specifies the value |
| of the ref at a prior point in time. This suffix may only be |
| used immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an |
| existing log (<em>$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref></em>). Note that this looks up the state |
| of your <strong>local</strong> ref at a given time; e.g., what was in your local |
| <em>master</em> branch last week. If you want to look at commits made during |
| certain times, see <code>--since</code> and <code>--until</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><refname>@{<n>}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{1}</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A ref followed by the suffix <em>@</em> with an ordinal specification |
| enclosed in a brace pair (e.g. <em>{1}</em>, <em>{15}</em>) specifies |
| the n-th prior value of that ref. For example <em>master@{1}</em> |
| is the immediate prior value of <em>master</em> while <em>master@{5}</em> |
| is the 5th prior value of <em>master</em>. This suffix may only be used |
| immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an existing |
| log (<em>$GIT_DIR/logs/<refname></em>).</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>@{<n>}</em>, e.g. <em>@{1}</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>You can use the <em>@</em> construct with an empty ref part to get at a |
| reflog entry of the current branch. For example, if you are on |
| branch <em>blabla</em> then <em>@{1}</em> means the same as <em>blabla@{1}</em>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>@{-<n>}</em>, e.g. <em>@{-1}</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>The construct <em>@{-<n>}</em> means the <n>th branch/commit checked out |
| before the current one.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>[<branchname>]@{upstream}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{upstream}</em>, <em>@{u}</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A branch B may be set up to build on top of a branch X (configured with |
| <code>branch.</code><em><name></em><code>.merge</code>) at a remote R (configured with |
| <code>branch.</code><em><name></em><code>.remote</code>). B@{u} refers to the remote-tracking branch for |
| the branch X taken from remote R, typically found at <code>refs/remotes/R/X</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>[<branchname>]@{push}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{push}</em>, <em>@{push}</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>The suffix <em>@{push}</em> reports the branch "where we would push to" if |
| <code>git</code> <code>push</code> were run while <code>branchname</code> was checked out (or the current |
| <code>HEAD</code> if no branchname is specified). Like for <em>@{upstream}</em>, we report |
| the remote-tracking branch that corresponds to that branch at the remote.</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Here’s an example to make it more clear:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git config push.default current |
| $ git config remote.pushdefault myfork |
| $ git switch -c mybranch origin/master |
| |
| $ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{upstream} |
| refs/remotes/origin/master |
| |
| $ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{push} |
| refs/remotes/myfork/mybranch</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Note in the example that we set up a triangular workflow, where we pull |
| from one location and push to another. In a non-triangular workflow, |
| <em>@{push}</em> is the same as <em>@{upstream}</em>, and there is no need for it.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This suffix is also accepted when spelled in uppercase, and means the same |
| thing no matter the case.</p> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev>^[<n>]</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD^, v1.5.1^0</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A suffix <em>^</em> to a revision parameter means the first parent of |
| that commit object. <em>^<n></em> means the <n>th parent (i.e. |
| <em><rev>^</em> |
| is equivalent to <em><rev>^1</em>). As a special rule, |
| <em><rev>^0</em> means the commit itself and is used when <em><rev></em> is the |
| object name of a tag object that refers to a commit object.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev>~[<n>]</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD~, master~3</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A suffix <em>~</em> to a revision parameter means the first parent of |
| that commit object. |
| A suffix <em>~<n></em> to a revision parameter means the commit |
| object that is the <n>th generation ancestor of the named |
| commit object, following only the first parents. I.e. <em><rev>~3</em> is |
| equivalent to <em><rev>^^^</em> which is equivalent to |
| <em><rev>^1^1^1</em>. See below for an illustration of |
| the usage of this form.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev>^{<type>}</em>, e.g. <em>v0.99.8^{commit}</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A suffix <em>^</em> followed by an object type name enclosed in |
| brace pair means dereference the object at <em><rev></em> recursively until |
| an object of type <em><type></em> is found or the object cannot be |
| dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf). |
| For example, if <em><rev></em> is a commit-ish, <em><rev>^{commit}</em> |
| describes the corresponding commit object. |
| Similarly, if <em><rev></em> is a tree-ish, <em><rev>^{tree}</em> |
| describes the corresponding tree object. |
| <em><rev>^0</em> |
| is a short-hand for <em><rev>^{commit}</em>.</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><em><rev>^{object}</em> can be used to make sure <em><rev></em> names an |
| object that exists, without requiring <em><rev></em> to be a tag, and |
| without dereferencing <em><rev></em>; because a tag is already an object, |
| it does not have to be dereferenced even once to get to an object.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><em><rev>^{tag}</em> can be used to ensure that <em><rev></em> identifies an |
| existing tag object.</p> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev>^{}</em>, e.g. <em>v0.99.8^{}</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A suffix <em>^</em> followed by an empty brace pair |
| means the object could be a tag, |
| and dereference the tag recursively until a non-tag object is |
| found.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev>^{/<text>}</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD^{/fix nasty bug}</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A suffix <em>^</em> to a revision parameter, followed by a brace |
| pair that contains a text led by a slash, |
| is the same as the <em>:/fix nasty bug</em> syntax below except that |
| it returns the youngest matching commit which is reachable from |
| the <em><rev></em> before <em>^</em>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>:/<text></em>, e.g. <em>:/fix nasty bug</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A colon, followed by a slash, followed by a text, names |
| a commit whose commit message matches the specified regular expression. |
| This name returns the youngest matching commit which is |
| reachable from any ref, including HEAD. |
| The regular expression can match any part of the |
| commit message. To match messages starting with a string, one can use |
| e.g. <em>:/^foo</em>. The special sequence <em>:/!</em> is reserved for modifiers to what |
| is matched. <em>:/!-foo</em> performs a negative match, while <em>:/!!foo</em> matches a |
| literal <em>!</em> character, followed by <em>foo</em>. Any other sequence beginning with |
| <em>:/!</em> is reserved for now. |
| Depending on the given text, the shell’s word splitting rules might |
| require additional quoting.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev>:<path></em>, e.g. <em>HEAD:README</em>, <em>master:./README</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A suffix <em>:</em> followed by a path names the blob or tree |
| at the given path in the tree-ish object named by the part |
| before the colon. |
| A path starting with <em>./</em> or <em>../</em> is relative to the current working directory. |
| The given path will be converted to be relative to the working tree’s root directory. |
| This is most useful to address a blob or tree from a commit or tree that has |
| the same tree structure as the working tree.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>:[<n>:]<path></em>, e.g. <em>:0:README</em>, <em>:README</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A colon, optionally followed by a stage number (0 to 3) and a |
| colon, followed by a path, names a blob object in the |
| index at the given path. A missing stage number (and the colon |
| that follows it) names a stage 0 entry. During a merge, stage |
| 1 is the common ancestor, stage 2 is the target branch’s version |
| (typically the current branch), and stage 3 is the version from |
| the branch which is being merged.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Here is an illustration, by Jon Loeliger. Both commit nodes B |
| and C are parents of commit node A. Parent commits are ordered |
| left-to-right.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>G H I J |
| \ / \ / |
| D E F |
| \ | / \ |
| \ | / | |
| \|/ | |
| B C |
| \ / |
| \ / |
| A</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>A = = A^0 |
| B = A^ = A^1 = A~1 |
| C = = A^2 |
| D = A^^ = A^1^1 = A~2 |
| E = B^2 = A^^2 |
| F = B^3 = A^^3 |
| G = A^^^ = A^1^1^1 = A~3 |
| H = D^2 = B^^2 = A^^^2 = A~2^2 |
| I = F^ = B^3^ = A^^3^ |
| J = F^2 = B^3^2 = A^^3^2</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_specifying_ranges">SPECIFYING RANGES</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>History traversing commands such as <code>git</code> <code>log</code> operate on a set |
| of commits, not just a single commit.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For these commands, |
| specifying a single revision, using the notation described in the |
| previous section, means the set of commits <code>reachable</code> from the given |
| commit.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Specifying several revisions means the set of commits reachable from |
| any of the given commits.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A commit’s reachable set is the commit itself and the commits in |
| its ancestry chain.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>There are several notations to specify a set of connected commits |
| (called a "revision range"), illustrated below.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_commit_exclusions">Commit Exclusions</h3> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>^<rev></em> (caret) Notation</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>To exclude commits reachable from a commit, a prefix <em>^</em> |
| notation is used. E.g. <em>^r1 r2</em> means commits reachable |
| from <em>r2</em> but exclude the ones reachable from <em>r1</em> (i.e. <em>r1</em> and |
| its ancestors).</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_dotted_range_notations">Dotted Range Notations</h3> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">The <em>..</em> (two-dot) Range Notation</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>The <em>^r1 r2</em> set operation appears so often that there is a shorthand |
| for it. When you have two commits <em>r1</em> and <em>r2</em> (named according |
| to the syntax explained in SPECIFYING REVISIONS above), you can ask |
| for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable |
| from r1 by <em>^r1 r2</em> and it can be written as <em>r1..r2</em>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">The <em>...</em> (three-dot) Symmetric Difference Notation</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A similar notation <em>r1...r2</em> is called symmetric difference |
| of <em>r1</em> and <em>r2</em> and is defined as |
| <em>r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)</em>. |
| It is the set of commits that are reachable from either one of |
| <em>r1</em> (left side) or <em>r2</em> (right side) but not from both.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In these two shorthand notations, you can omit one end and let it default to HEAD. |
| For example, <em>origin..</em> is a shorthand for <em>origin..HEAD</em> and asks "What |
| did I do since I forked from the origin branch?" Similarly, <em>..origin</em> |
| is a shorthand for <em>HEAD..origin</em> and asks "What did the origin do since |
| I forked from them?" Note that <em>..</em> would mean <em>HEAD..HEAD</em> which is an |
| empty range that is both reachable and unreachable from HEAD.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Commands that are specifically designed to take two distinct ranges |
| (e.g. "git range-diff R1 R2" to compare two ranges) do exist, but |
| they are exceptions. Unless otherwise noted, all "git" commands |
| that operate on a set of commits work on a single revision range. |
| In other words, writing two "two-dot range notation" next to each |
| other, e.g.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git log A..B C..D</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>does <strong>not</strong> specify two revision ranges for most commands. Instead |
| it will name a single connected set of commits, i.e. those that are |
| reachable from either B or D but are reachable from neither A or C. |
| In a linear history like this:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>---A---B---o---o---C---D</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>because A and B are reachable from C, the revision range specified |
| by these two dotted ranges is a single commit D.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_other_rev_parent_shorthand_notations">Other <rev>^ Parent Shorthand Notations</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Three other shorthands exist, particularly useful for merge commits, |
| for naming a set that is formed by a commit and its parent commits.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <em>r1^@</em> notation means all parents of <em>r1</em>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <em>r1^!</em> notation includes commit <em>r1</em> but excludes all of its parents. |
| By itself, this notation denotes the single commit <em>r1</em>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <em><rev>^-[<n>]</em> notation includes <em><rev></em> but excludes the <n>th |
| parent (i.e. a shorthand for <em><rev>^<n>..<rev></em>), with <em><n></em> = 1 if |
| not given. This is typically useful for merge commits where you |
| can just pass <em><commit>^-</em> to get all the commits in the branch |
| that was merged in merge commit <em><commit></em> (including <em><commit></em> |
| itself).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>While <em><rev>^<n></em> was about specifying a single commit parent, these |
| three notations also consider its parents. For example you can say |
| <em>HEAD^2^@</em>, however you cannot say <em>HEAD^@^2</em>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_revision_range_summary">Revision Range Summary</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev></em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Include commits that are reachable from <rev> (i.e. <rev> and its |
| ancestors).</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em>^<rev></em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Exclude commits that are reachable from <rev> (i.e. <rev> and its |
| ancestors).</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev1>..<rev2></em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Include commits that are reachable from <rev2> but exclude |
| those that are reachable from <rev1>. When either <rev1> or |
| <rev2> is omitted, it defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev1>...<rev2></em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Include commits that are reachable from either <rev1> or |
| <rev2> but exclude those that are reachable from both. When |
| either <rev1> or <rev2> is omitted, it defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev>^@</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD^@</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A suffix <em>^</em> followed by an at sign is the same as listing |
| all parents of <em><rev></em> (meaning, include anything reachable from |
| its parents, but not the commit itself).</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev>^!</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD^!</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A suffix <em>^</em> followed by an exclamation mark is the same |
| as giving commit <em><rev></em> and all its parents prefixed with |
| <em>^</em> to exclude them (and their ancestors).</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><rev>^-<n></em>, e.g. <em>HEAD^-, HEAD^-2</em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Equivalent to <em><rev>^<n>..<rev></em>, with <em><n></em> = 1 if not |
| given.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Here are a handful of examples using the Loeliger illustration above, |
| with each step in the notation’s expansion and selection carefully |
| spelt out:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> Args Expanded arguments Selected commits |
| D G H D |
| D F G H I J D F |
| ^G D H D |
| ^D B E I J F B |
| ^D B C E I J F B C |
| C I J F C |
| B..C = ^B C C |
| B...C = B ^F C G H D E B C |
| B^- = B^..B |
| = ^B^1 B E I J F B |
| C^@ = C^1 |
| = F I J F |
| B^@ = B^1 B^2 B^3 |
| = D E F D G H E F I J |
| C^! = C ^C^@ |
| = C ^C^1 |
| = C ^F C |
| B^! = B ^B^@ |
| = B ^B^1 ^B^2 ^B^3 |
| = B ^D ^E ^F B |
| F^! D = F ^I ^J D G H D F</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_parseopt">PARSEOPT</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In <code>--parseopt</code> mode, <em>git rev-parse</em> helps massaging options to bring to shell |
| scripts the same facilities C builtins have. It works as an option normalizer |
| (e.g. splits single switches aggregate values), a bit like <code>getopt</code>(<code>1</code>) does.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>It takes on the standard input the specification of the options to parse and |
| understand, and echoes on the standard output a string suitable for <code>sh</code>(<code>1</code>) <code>eval</code> |
| to replace the arguments with normalized ones. In case of error, it outputs |
| usage on the standard error stream, and exits with code 129.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Note: Make sure you quote the result when passing it to <code>eval</code>. See |
| below for an example.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_input_format">Input Format</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><em>git rev-parse --parseopt</em> input format is fully text based. It has two parts, |
| separated by a line that contains only <code>--</code>. The lines before the separator |
| (should be one or more) are used for the usage. |
| The lines after the separator describe the options.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Each line of options has this format:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre><opt-spec><flags>*<arg-hint>? SP+ help LF</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><opt-spec></em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>its format is the short option character, then the long option name |
| separated by a comma. Both parts are not required, though at least one |
| is necessary. May not contain any of the <em><flags></em> characters. |
| <code>h,help</code>, <code>dry-run</code> and <code>f</code> are examples of correct <em><opt-spec></em>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><flags></em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p><em><flags></em> are of <code>*</code>, <code>=</code>, ? or !.</p> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Use <code>=</code> if the option takes an argument.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Use ? to mean that the option takes an optional argument. You |
| probably want to use the <code>--stuck-long</code> mode to be able to |
| unambiguously parse the optional argument.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Use <code>*</code> to mean that this option should not be listed in the usage |
| generated for the <code>-h</code> argument. It’s shown for <code>--help-all</code> as |
| documented in <a href="gitcli.html">gitcli(7)</a>.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Use ! to not make the corresponding negated long option available.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><em><arg-hint></em></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p><em><arg-hint></em>, if specified, is used as a name of the argument in the |
| help output, for options that take arguments. <em><arg-hint></em> is |
| terminated by the first whitespace. It is customary to use a |
| dash to separate words in a multi-word argument hint.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The remainder of the line, after stripping the spaces, is used |
| as the help associated with the option.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Blank lines are ignored, and lines that don’t match this specification are used |
| as option group headers (start the line with a space to create such |
| lines on purpose).</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_example">Example</h3> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>OPTS_SPEC="\ |
| some-command [<options>] <args>... |
| |
| some-command does foo and bar! |
| -- |
| h,help! show the help |
| |
| foo some nifty option --foo |
| bar= some cool option --bar with an argument |
| baz=arg another cool option --baz with a named argument |
| qux?path qux may take a path argument but has meaning by itself |
| |
| An option group Header |
| C? option C with an optional argument" |
| |
| eval "$(echo "$OPTS_SPEC" | git rev-parse --parseopt -- "$@" || echo exit $?)"</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_usage_text">Usage text</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>When "$@" is <code>-h</code> or <code>--help</code> in the above example, the following |
| usage text would be shown:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>usage: some-command [<options>] <args>... |
| |
| some-command does foo and bar! |
| |
| -h, --help show the help |
| --[no-]foo some nifty option --foo |
| --[no-]bar ... some cool option --bar with an argument |
| --[no-]baz <arg> another cool option --baz with a named argument |
| --[no-]qux[=<path>] qux may take a path argument but has meaning by itself |
| |
| An option group Header |
| -C[...] option C with an optional argument</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_sq_quote">SQ-QUOTE</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In <code>--sq-quote</code> mode, <em>git rev-parse</em> echoes on the standard output a |
| single line suitable for <code>sh</code>(<code>1</code>) <code>eval</code>. This line is made by |
| normalizing the arguments following <code>--sq-quote</code>. Nothing other than |
| quoting the arguments is done.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If you want command input to still be interpreted as usual by |
| <em>git rev-parse</em> before the output is shell quoted, see the <code>--sq</code> |
| option.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="_example_2">Example</h3> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ cat >your-git-script.sh <<\EOF |
| #!/bin/sh |
| args=$(git rev-parse --sq-quote "$@") # quote user-supplied arguments |
| command="git frotz -n24 $args" # and use it inside a handcrafted |
| # command line |
| eval "$command" |
| EOF |
| |
| $ sh your-git-script.sh "a b'c"</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Print the object name of the current commit:</p> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git rev-parse --verify HEAD</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Print the commit object name from the revision in the $REV shell variable:</p> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git rev-parse --verify --end-of-options $REV^{commit}</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This will error out if $REV is empty or not a valid revision.</p> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Similar to above:</p> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git rev-parse --default master --verify --end-of-options $REV</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>but if $REV is empty, the commit object name from master will be printed.</p> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="footer"> |
| <div id="footer-text"> |
| Last updated 2025-02-14 21:38:14 -0800 |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </body> |
| </html> |
