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<title>git-rebase(1)</title> | |
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<body class="manpage"> | |
<div id="header"> | |
<h1> | |
git-rebase(1) Manual Page | |
</h1> | |
<h2>NAME</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<p>git-rebase - | |
Reapply commits on top of another base tip | |
</p> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div id="content"> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="verseblock"> | |
<pre class="content"><em>git rebase</em> [-i | --interactive] [options] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] | |
[<upstream> [<branch>]] | |
<em>git rebase</em> [-i | --interactive] [options] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] | |
--root [<branch>] | |
<em>git rebase</em> --continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --edit-todo</pre> | |
<div class="attribution"> | |
</div></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If <branch> is specified, <em>git rebase</em> will perform an automatic | |
<code>git checkout <branch></code> before doing anything else. Otherwise | |
it remains on the current branch.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If <upstream> is not specified, the upstream configured in | |
branch.<name>.remote and branch.<name>.merge options will be used (see | |
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for details) and the <code>--fork-point</code> option is | |
assumed. If you are currently not on any branch or if the current | |
branch does not have a configured upstream, the rebase will abort.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>All changes made by commits in the current branch but that are not | |
in <upstream> are saved to a temporary area. This is the same set | |
of commits that would be shown by <code>git log <upstream>..HEAD</code>; or by | |
<code>git log 'fork_point'..HEAD</code>, if <code>--fork-point</code> is active (see the | |
description on <code>--fork-point</code> below); or by <code>git log HEAD</code>, if the | |
<code>--root</code> option is specified.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>The current branch is reset to <upstream>, or <newbase> if the | |
--onto option was supplied. This has the exact same effect as | |
<code>git reset --hard <upstream></code> (or <newbase>). ORIG_HEAD is set | |
to point at the tip of the branch before the reset.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>The commits that were previously saved into the temporary area are | |
then reapplied to the current branch, one by one, in order. Note that | |
any commits in HEAD which introduce the same textual changes as a commit | |
in HEAD..<upstream> are omitted (i.e., a patch already accepted upstream | |
with a different commit message or timestamp will be skipped).</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>It is possible that a merge failure will prevent this process from being | |
completely automatic. You will have to resolve any such merge failure | |
and run <code>git rebase --continue</code>. Another option is to bypass the commit | |
that caused the merge failure with <code>git rebase --skip</code>. To check out the | |
original <branch> and remove the .git/rebase-apply working files, use the | |
command <code>git rebase --abort</code> instead.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Assume the following history exists and the current branch is "topic":</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code> A---B---C topic | |
/ | |
D---E---F---G master</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>From this point, the result of either of the following commands:</p></div> | |
<div class="literalblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>git rebase master | |
git rebase master topic</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>would be:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code> A'--B'--C' topic | |
/ | |
D---E---F---G master</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>NOTE:</strong> The latter form is just a short-hand of <code>git checkout topic</code> | |
followed by <code>git rebase master</code>. When rebase exits <code>topic</code> will | |
remain the checked-out branch.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If the upstream branch already contains a change you have made (e.g., | |
because you mailed a patch which was applied upstream), then that commit | |
will be skipped. For example, running <code>git rebase master</code> on the | |
following history (in which <code>A'</code> and <code>A</code> introduce the same set of changes, | |
but have different committer information):</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code> A---B---C topic | |
/ | |
D---E---A'---F master</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>will result in:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code> B'---C' topic | |
/ | |
D---E---A'---F master</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Here is how you would transplant a topic branch based on one | |
branch to another, to pretend that you forked the topic branch | |
from the latter branch, using <code>rebase --onto</code>.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>First let’s assume your <em>topic</em> is based on branch <em>next</em>. | |
For example, a feature developed in <em>topic</em> depends on some | |
functionality which is found in <em>next</em>.</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code> o---o---o---o---o master | |
\ | |
o---o---o---o---o next | |
\ | |
o---o---o topic</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>We want to make <em>topic</em> forked from branch <em>master</em>; for example, | |
because the functionality on which <em>topic</em> depends was merged into the | |
more stable <em>master</em> branch. We want our tree to look like this:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code> o---o---o---o---o master | |
| \ | |
| o'--o'--o' topic | |
\ | |
o---o---o---o---o next</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>We can get this using the following command:</p></div> | |
<div class="literalblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>git rebase --onto master next topic</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Another example of --onto option is to rebase part of a | |
branch. If we have the following situation:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code> H---I---J topicB | |
/ | |
E---F---G topicA | |
/ | |
A---B---C---D master</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>then the command</p></div> | |
<div class="literalblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>git rebase --onto master topicA topicB</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>would result in:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code> H'--I'--J' topicB | |
/ | |
| E---F---G topicA | |
|/ | |
A---B---C---D master</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is useful when topicB does not depend on topicA.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>A range of commits could also be removed with rebase. If we have | |
the following situation:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code> E---F---G---H---I---J topicA</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>then the command</p></div> | |
<div class="literalblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>git rebase --onto topicA~5 topicA~3 topicA</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>would result in the removal of commits F and G:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code> E---H'---I'---J' topicA</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is useful if F and G were flawed in some way, or should not be | |
part of topicA. Note that the argument to --onto and the <upstream> | |
parameter can be any valid commit-ish.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>In case of conflict, <em>git rebase</em> will stop at the first problematic commit | |
and leave conflict markers in the tree. You can use <em>git diff</em> to locate | |
the markers (<<<<<<) and make edits to resolve the conflict. For each | |
file you edit, you need to tell Git that the conflict has been resolved, | |
typically this would be done with</p></div> | |
<div class="literalblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>git add <filename></code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>After resolving the conflict manually and updating the index with the | |
desired resolution, you can continue the rebasing process with</p></div> | |
<div class="literalblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>git rebase --continue</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Alternatively, you can undo the <em>git rebase</em> with</p></div> | |
<div class="literalblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>git rebase --abort</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_configuration">CONFIGURATION</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="dlist"><dl> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
rebase.stat | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Whether to show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last | |
rebase. False by default. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
rebase.autoSquash | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
If set to true enable <code>--autosquash</code> option by default. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
rebase.autoStash | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
If set to true enable <code>--autostash</code> option by default. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
rebase.missingCommitsCheck | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
If set to "warn", print warnings about removed commits in | |
interactive mode. If set to "error", print the warnings and | |
stop the rebase. If set to "ignore", no checking is | |
done. "ignore" by default. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
rebase.instructionFormat | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Custom commit list format to use during an <code>--interactive</code> rebase. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
</dl></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="dlist"><dl> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--onto <newbase> | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Starting point at which to create the new commits. If the | |
--onto option is not specified, the starting point is | |
<upstream>. May be any valid commit, and not just an | |
existing branch name. | |
</p> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>As a special case, you may use "A...B" as a shortcut for the | |
merge base of A and B if there is exactly one merge base. You can | |
leave out at most one of A and B, in which case it defaults to HEAD.</p></div> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
<upstream> | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Upstream branch to compare against. May be any valid commit, | |
not just an existing branch name. Defaults to the configured | |
upstream for the current branch. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
<branch> | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Working branch; defaults to HEAD. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--continue | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Restart the rebasing process after having resolved a merge conflict. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--abort | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Abort the rebase operation and reset HEAD to the original | |
branch. If <branch> was provided when the rebase operation was | |
started, then HEAD will be reset to <branch>. Otherwise HEAD | |
will be reset to where it was when the rebase operation was | |
started. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--quit | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Abort the rebase operation but HEAD is not reset back to the | |
original branch. The index and working tree are also left | |
unchanged as a result. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--keep-empty | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Keep the commits that do not change anything from its | |
parents in the result. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--skip | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Restart the rebasing process by skipping the current patch. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--edit-todo | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Edit the todo list during an interactive rebase. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
-m | |
</dt> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--merge | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Use merging strategies to rebase. When the recursive (default) merge | |
strategy is used, this allows rebase to be aware of renames on the | |
upstream side. | |
</p> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that a rebase merge works by replaying each commit from the working | |
branch on top of the <upstream> branch. Because of this, when a merge | |
conflict happens, the side reported as <em>ours</em> is the so-far rebased | |
series, starting with <upstream>, and <em>theirs</em> is the working branch. In | |
other words, the sides are swapped.</p></div> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
-s <strategy> | |
</dt> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--strategy=<strategy> | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Use the given merge strategy. | |
If there is no <code>-s</code> option <em>git merge-recursive</em> is used | |
instead. This implies --merge. | |
</p> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Because <em>git rebase</em> replays each commit from the working branch | |
on top of the <upstream> branch using the given strategy, using | |
the <em>ours</em> strategy simply discards all patches from the <branch>, | |
which makes little sense.</p></div> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
-X <strategy-option> | |
</dt> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--strategy-option=<strategy-option> | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Pass the <strategy-option> through to the merge strategy. | |
This implies <code>--merge</code> and, if no strategy has been | |
specified, <code>-s recursive</code>. Note the reversal of <em>ours</em> and | |
<em>theirs</em> as noted above for the <code>-m</code> option. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
-S[<keyid>] | |
</dt> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--gpg-sign[=<keyid>] | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
GPG-sign commits. The <code>keyid</code> argument is optional and | |
defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be | |
stuck to the option without a space. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
-q | |
</dt> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--quiet | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Be quiet. Implies --no-stat. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
-v | |
</dt> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--verbose | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Be verbose. Implies --stat. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--stat | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last rebase. The | |
diffstat is also controlled by the configuration option rebase.stat. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
-n | |
</dt> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--no-stat | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Do not show a diffstat as part of the rebase process. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--no-verify | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
This option bypasses the pre-rebase hook. See also <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a>. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--verify | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Allows the pre-rebase hook to run, which is the default. This option can | |
be used to override --no-verify. See also <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a>. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
-C<n> | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Ensure at least <n> lines of surrounding context match before | |
and after each change. When fewer lines of surrounding | |
context exist they all must match. By default no context is | |
ever ignored. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
-f | |
</dt> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--force-rebase | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Force a rebase even if the current branch is up-to-date and | |
the command without <code>--force</code> would return without doing anything. | |
</p> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>You may find this (or --no-ff with an interactive rebase) helpful after | |
reverting a topic branch merge, as this option recreates the topic branch with | |
fresh commits so it can be remerged successfully without needing to "revert | |
the reversion" (see the | |
<a href="howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html">revert-a-faulty-merge How-To</a> for details).</p></div> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--fork-point | |
</dt> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--no-fork-point | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Use reflog to find a better common ancestor between <upstream> | |
and <branch> when calculating which commits have been | |
introduced by <branch>. | |
</p> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>When --fork-point is active, <em>fork_point</em> will be used instead of | |
<upstream> to calculate the set of commits to rebase, where | |
<em>fork_point</em> is the result of <code>git merge-base --fork-point <upstream> | |
<branch></code> command (see <a href="git-merge-base.html">git-merge-base(1)</a>). If <em>fork_point</em> | |
ends up being empty, the <upstream> will be used as a fallback.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If either <upstream> or --root is given on the command line, then the | |
default is <code>--no-fork-point</code>, otherwise the default is <code>--fork-point</code>.</p></div> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--ignore-whitespace | |
</dt> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--whitespace=<option> | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
These flag are passed to the <em>git apply</em> program | |
(see <a href="git-apply.html">git-apply(1)</a>) that applies the patch. | |
Incompatible with the --interactive option. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--committer-date-is-author-date | |
</dt> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--ignore-date | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
These flags are passed to <em>git am</em> to easily change the dates | |
of the rebased commits (see <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a>). | |
Incompatible with the --interactive option. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
-i | |
</dt> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--interactive | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Make a list of the commits which are about to be rebased. Let the | |
user edit that list before rebasing. This mode can also be used to | |
split commits (see SPLITTING COMMITS below). | |
</p> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>The commit list format can be changed by setting the configuration option | |
rebase.instructionFormat. A customized instruction format will automatically | |
have the long commit hash prepended to the format.</p></div> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
-p | |
</dt> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--preserve-merges | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Recreate merge commits instead of flattening the history by replaying | |
commits a merge commit introduces. Merge conflict resolutions or manual | |
amendments to merge commits are not preserved. | |
</p> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>This uses the <code>--interactive</code> machinery internally, but combining it | |
with the <code>--interactive</code> option explicitly is generally not a good | |
idea unless you know what you are doing (see BUGS below).</p></div> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
-x <cmd> | |
</dt> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--exec <cmd> | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Append "exec <cmd>" after each line creating a commit in the | |
final history. <cmd> will be interpreted as one or more shell | |
commands. | |
</p> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>You may execute several commands by either using one instance of <code>--exec</code> | |
with several commands:</p></div> | |
<div class="literalblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>git rebase -i --exec "cmd1 && cmd2 && ..."</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>or by giving more than one <code>--exec</code>:</p></div> | |
<div class="literalblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>git rebase -i --exec "cmd1" --exec "cmd2" --exec ...</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If <code>--autosquash</code> is used, "exec" lines will not be appended for | |
the intermediate commits, and will only appear at the end of each | |
squash/fixup series.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>This uses the <code>--interactive</code> machinery internally, but it can be run | |
without an explicit <code>--interactive</code>.</p></div> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--root | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Rebase all commits reachable from <branch>, instead of | |
limiting them with an <upstream>. This allows you to rebase | |
the root commit(s) on a branch. When used with --onto, it | |
will skip changes already contained in <newbase> (instead of | |
<upstream>) whereas without --onto it will operate on every change. | |
When used together with both --onto and --preserve-merges, | |
<em>all</em> root commits will be rewritten to have <newbase> as parent | |
instead. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--autosquash | |
</dt> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--no-autosquash | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
When the commit log message begins with "squash! …" (or | |
"fixup! …"), and there is a commit whose title begins with | |
the same …, automatically modify the todo list of rebase -i | |
so that the commit marked for squashing comes right after the | |
commit to be modified, and change the action of the moved | |
commit from <code>pick</code> to <code>squash</code> (or <code>fixup</code>). Ignores subsequent | |
"fixup! " or "squash! " after the first, in case you referred to an | |
earlier fixup/squash with <code>git commit --fixup/--squash</code>. | |
</p> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option is only valid when the <code>--interactive</code> option is used.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If the <code>--autosquash</code> option is enabled by default using the | |
configuration variable <code>rebase.autoSquash</code>, this option can be | |
used to override and disable this setting.</p></div> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--autostash | |
</dt> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--no-autostash | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Automatically create a temporary stash before the operation | |
begins, and apply it after the operation ends. This means | |
that you can run rebase on a dirty worktree. However, use | |
with care: the final stash application after a successful | |
rebase might result in non-trivial conflicts. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
--no-ff | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
With --interactive, cherry-pick all rebased commits instead of | |
fast-forwarding over the unchanged ones. This ensures that the | |
entire history of the rebased branch is composed of new commits. | |
</p> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Without --interactive, this is a synonym for --force-rebase.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>You may find this helpful after reverting a topic branch merge, as this option | |
recreates the topic branch with fresh commits so it can be remerged | |
successfully without needing to "revert the reversion" (see the | |
<a href="howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html">revert-a-faulty-merge How-To</a> for details).</p></div> | |
</dd> | |
</dl></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_merge_strategies">MERGE STRATEGIES</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>The merge mechanism (<code>git merge</code> and <code>git pull</code> commands) allows the | |
backend <em>merge strategies</em> to be chosen with <code>-s</code> option. Some strategies | |
can also take their own options, which can be passed by giving <code>-X<option></code> | |
arguments to <code>git merge</code> and/or <code>git pull</code>.</p></div> | |
<div class="dlist"><dl> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
resolve | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
This can only resolve two heads (i.e. the current branch | |
and another branch you pulled from) using a 3-way merge | |
algorithm. It tries to carefully detect criss-cross | |
merge ambiguities and is considered generally safe and | |
fast. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
recursive | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
This can only resolve two heads using a 3-way merge | |
algorithm. When there is more than one common | |
ancestor that can be used for 3-way merge, it creates a | |
merged tree of the common ancestors and uses that as | |
the reference tree for the 3-way merge. This has been | |
reported to result in fewer merge conflicts without | |
causing mismerges by tests done on actual merge commits | |
taken from Linux 2.6 kernel development history. | |
Additionally this can detect and handle merges involving | |
renames. This is the default merge strategy when | |
pulling or merging one branch. | |
</p> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>recursive</em> strategy can take the following options:</p></div> | |
<div class="dlist"><dl> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
ours | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
This option forces conflicting hunks to be auto-resolved cleanly by | |
favoring <em>our</em> version. Changes from the other tree that do not | |
conflict with our side are reflected to the merge result. | |
For a binary file, the entire contents are taken from our side. | |
</p> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>This should not be confused with the <em>ours</em> merge strategy, which does not | |
even look at what the other tree contains at all. It discards everything | |
the other tree did, declaring <em>our</em> history contains all that happened in it.</p></div> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
theirs | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
This is the opposite of <em>ours</em>. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
patience | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
With this option, <em>merge-recursive</em> spends a little extra time | |
to avoid mismerges that sometimes occur due to unimportant | |
matching lines (e.g., braces from distinct functions). Use | |
this when the branches to be merged have diverged wildly. | |
See also <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> <code>--patience</code>. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
diff-algorithm=[patience|minimal|histogram|myers] | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Tells <em>merge-recursive</em> to use a different diff algorithm, which | |
can help avoid mismerges that occur due to unimportant matching | |
lines (such as braces from distinct functions). See also | |
<a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> <code>--diff-algorithm</code>. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
ignore-space-change | |
</dt> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
ignore-all-space | |
</dt> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
ignore-space-at-eol | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Treats lines with the indicated type of whitespace change as | |
unchanged for the sake of a three-way merge. Whitespace | |
changes mixed with other changes to a line are not ignored. | |
See also <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> <code>-b</code>, <code>-w</code>, and | |
<code>--ignore-space-at-eol</code>. | |
</p> | |
<div class="ulist"><ul> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
If <em>their</em> version only introduces whitespace changes to a line, | |
<em>our</em> version is used; | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
If <em>our</em> version introduces whitespace changes but <em>their</em> | |
version includes a substantial change, <em>their</em> version is used; | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
Otherwise, the merge proceeds in the usual way. | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
</ul></div> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
renormalize | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
This runs a virtual check-out and check-in of all three stages | |
of a file when resolving a three-way merge. This option is | |
meant to be used when merging branches with different clean | |
filters or end-of-line normalization rules. See "Merging | |
branches with differing checkin/checkout attributes" in | |
<a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> for details. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
no-renormalize | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Disables the <code>renormalize</code> option. This overrides the | |
<code>merge.renormalize</code> configuration variable. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
no-renames | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Turn off rename detection. | |
See also <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> <code>--no-renames</code>. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
find-renames[=<n>] | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Turn on rename detection, optionally setting the similarity | |
threshold. This is the default. | |
See also <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> <code>--find-renames</code>. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
rename-threshold=<n> | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
Deprecated synonym for <code>find-renames=<n></code>. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
subtree[=<path>] | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
This option is a more advanced form of <em>subtree</em> strategy, where | |
the strategy makes a guess on how two trees must be shifted to | |
match with each other when merging. Instead, the specified path | |
is prefixed (or stripped from the beginning) to make the shape of | |
two trees to match. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
</dl></div> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
octopus | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
This resolves cases with more than two heads, but refuses to do | |
a complex merge that needs manual resolution. It is | |
primarily meant to be used for bundling topic branch | |
heads together. This is the default merge strategy when | |
pulling or merging more than one branch. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
ours | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
This resolves any number of heads, but the resulting tree of the | |
merge is always that of the current branch head, effectively | |
ignoring all changes from all other branches. It is meant to | |
be used to supersede old development history of side | |
branches. Note that this is different from the -Xours option to | |
the <em>recursive</em> merge strategy. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
subtree | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
This is a modified recursive strategy. When merging trees A and | |
B, if B corresponds to a subtree of A, B is first adjusted to | |
match the tree structure of A, instead of reading the trees at | |
the same level. This adjustment is also done to the common | |
ancestor tree. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
</dl></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>With the strategies that use 3-way merge (including the default, <em>recursive</em>), | |
if a change is made on both branches, but later reverted on one of the | |
branches, that change will be present in the merged result; some people find | |
this behavior confusing. It occurs because only the heads and the merge base | |
are considered when performing a merge, not the individual commits. The merge | |
algorithm therefore considers the reverted change as no change at all, and | |
substitutes the changed version instead.</p></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_notes">NOTES</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>You should understand the implications of using <em>git rebase</em> on a | |
repository that you share. See also RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE | |
below.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>When the git-rebase command is run, it will first execute a "pre-rebase" | |
hook if one exists. You can use this hook to do sanity checks and | |
reject the rebase if it isn’t appropriate. Please see the template | |
pre-rebase hook script for an example.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Upon completion, <branch> will be the current branch.</p></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_interactive_mode">INTERACTIVE MODE</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Rebasing interactively means that you have a chance to edit the commits | |
which are rebased. You can reorder the commits, and you can | |
remove them (weeding out bad or otherwise unwanted patches).</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>The interactive mode is meant for this type of workflow:</p></div> | |
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic"> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
have a wonderful idea | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
hack on the code | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
prepare a series for submission | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
submit | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
</ol></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>where point 2. consists of several instances of</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>a) regular use</p></div> | |
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic"> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
finish something worthy of a commit | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
commit | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
</ol></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>b) independent fixup</p></div> | |
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic"> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
realize that something does not work | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
fix that | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
commit it | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
</ol></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Sometimes the thing fixed in b.2. cannot be amended to the not-quite | |
perfect commit it fixes, because that commit is buried deeply in a | |
patch series. That is exactly what interactive rebase is for: use it | |
after plenty of "a"s and "b"s, by rearranging and editing | |
commits, and squashing multiple commits into one.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Start it with the last commit you want to retain as-is:</p></div> | |
<div class="literalblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>git rebase -i <after-this-commit></code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>An editor will be fired up with all the commits in your current branch | |
(ignoring merge commits), which come after the given commit. You can | |
reorder the commits in this list to your heart’s content, and you can | |
remove them. The list looks more or less like this:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>pick deadbee The oneline of this commit | |
pick fa1afe1 The oneline of the next commit | |
...</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>The oneline descriptions are purely for your pleasure; <em>git rebase</em> will | |
not look at them but at the commit names ("deadbee" and "fa1afe1" in this | |
example), so do not delete or edit the names.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>By replacing the command "pick" with the command "edit", you can tell | |
<em>git rebase</em> to stop after applying that commit, so that you can edit | |
the files and/or the commit message, amend the commit, and continue | |
rebasing.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you just want to edit the commit message for a commit, replace the | |
command "pick" with the command "reword".</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>To drop a commit, replace the command "pick" with "drop", or just | |
delete the matching line.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you want to fold two or more commits into one, replace the command | |
"pick" for the second and subsequent commits with "squash" or "fixup". | |
If the commits had different authors, the folded commit will be | |
attributed to the author of the first commit. The suggested commit | |
message for the folded commit is the concatenation of the commit | |
messages of the first commit and of those with the "squash" command, | |
but omits the commit messages of commits with the "fixup" command.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p><em>git rebase</em> will stop when "pick" has been replaced with "edit" or | |
when a command fails due to merge errors. When you are done editing | |
and/or resolving conflicts you can continue with <code>git rebase --continue</code>.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, if you want to reorder the last 5 commits, such that what | |
was HEAD~4 becomes the new HEAD. To achieve that, you would call | |
<em>git rebase</em> like this:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git rebase -i HEAD~5</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>And move the first patch to the end of the list.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>You might want to preserve merges, if you have a history like this:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code> X | |
\ | |
A---M---B | |
/ | |
---o---O---P---Q</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose you want to rebase the side branch starting at "A" to "Q". Make | |
sure that the current HEAD is "B", and call</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git rebase -i -p --onto Q O</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Reordering and editing commits usually creates untested intermediate | |
steps. You may want to check that your history editing did not break | |
anything by running a test, or at least recompiling at intermediate | |
points in history by using the "exec" command (shortcut "x"). You may | |
do so by creating a todo list like this one:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>pick deadbee Implement feature XXX | |
fixup f1a5c00 Fix to feature XXX | |
exec make | |
pick c0ffeee The oneline of the next commit | |
edit deadbab The oneline of the commit after | |
exec cd subdir; make test | |
...</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>The interactive rebase will stop when a command fails (i.e. exits with | |
non-0 status) to give you an opportunity to fix the problem. You can | |
continue with <code>git rebase --continue</code>.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>The "exec" command launches the command in a shell (the one specified | |
in <code>$SHELL</code>, or the default shell if <code>$SHELL</code> is not set), so you can | |
use shell features (like "cd", ">", ";" …). The command is run from | |
the root of the working tree.</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>$ git rebase -i --exec "make test"</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>This command lets you check that intermediate commits are compilable. | |
The todo list becomes like that:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>pick 5928aea one | |
exec make test | |
pick 04d0fda two | |
exec make test | |
pick ba46169 three | |
exec make test | |
pick f4593f9 four | |
exec make test</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_splitting_commits">SPLITTING COMMITS</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>In interactive mode, you can mark commits with the action "edit". However, | |
this does not necessarily mean that <em>git rebase</em> expects the result of this | |
edit to be exactly one commit. Indeed, you can undo the commit, or you can | |
add other commits. This can be used to split a commit into two:</p></div> | |
<div class="ulist"><ul> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
Start an interactive rebase with <code>git rebase -i <commit>^</code>, where | |
<commit> is the commit you want to split. In fact, any commit range | |
will do, as long as it contains that commit. | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
Mark the commit you want to split with the action "edit". | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
When it comes to editing that commit, execute <code>git reset HEAD^</code>. The | |
effect is that the HEAD is rewound by one, and the index follows suit. | |
However, the working tree stays the same. | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
Now add the changes to the index that you want to have in the first | |
commit. You can use <code>git add</code> (possibly interactively) or | |
<em>git gui</em> (or both) to do that. | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
Commit the now-current index with whatever commit message is appropriate | |
now. | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
Repeat the last two steps until your working tree is clean. | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
Continue the rebase with <code>git rebase --continue</code>. | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
</ul></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you are not absolutely sure that the intermediate revisions are | |
consistent (they compile, pass the testsuite, etc.) you should use | |
<em>git stash</em> to stash away the not-yet-committed changes | |
after each commit, test, and amend the commit if fixes are necessary.</p></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_recovering_from_upstream_rebase">RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Rebasing (or any other form of rewriting) a branch that others have | |
based work on is a bad idea: anyone downstream of it is forced to | |
manually fix their history. This section explains how to do the fix | |
from the downstream’s point of view. The real fix, however, would be | |
to avoid rebasing the upstream in the first place.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>To illustrate, suppose you are in a situation where someone develops a | |
<em>subsystem</em> branch, and you are working on a <em>topic</em> that is dependent | |
on this <em>subsystem</em>. You might end up with a history like the | |
following:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code> o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master | |
\ | |
o---o---o---o---o subsystem | |
\ | |
*---*---* topic</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If <em>subsystem</em> is rebased against <em>master</em>, the following happens:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code> o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master | |
\ \ | |
o---o---o---o---o o'--o'--o'--o'--o' subsystem | |
\ | |
*---*---* topic</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you now continue development as usual, and eventually merge <em>topic</em> | |
to <em>subsystem</em>, the commits from <em>subsystem</em> will remain duplicated forever:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code> o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master | |
\ \ | |
o---o---o---o---o o'--o'--o'--o'--o'--M subsystem | |
\ / | |
*---*---*-..........-*--* topic</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Such duplicates are generally frowned upon because they clutter up | |
history, making it harder to follow. To clean things up, you need to | |
transplant the commits on <em>topic</em> to the new <em>subsystem</em> tip, i.e., | |
rebase <em>topic</em>. This becomes a ripple effect: anyone downstream from | |
<em>topic</em> is forced to rebase too, and so on!</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are two kinds of fixes, discussed in the following subsections:</p></div> | |
<div class="dlist"><dl> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
Easy case: The changes are literally the same. | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
This happens if the <em>subsystem</em> rebase was a simple rebase and | |
had no conflicts. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
<dt class="hdlist1"> | |
Hard case: The changes are not the same. | |
</dt> | |
<dd> | |
<p> | |
This happens if the <em>subsystem</em> rebase had conflicts, or used | |
<code>--interactive</code> to omit, edit, squash, or fixup commits; or | |
if the upstream used one of <code>commit --amend</code>, <code>reset</code>, or | |
<code>filter-branch</code>. | |
</p> | |
</dd> | |
</dl></div> | |
<div class="sect2"> | |
<h3 id="_the_easy_case">The easy case</h3> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Only works if the changes (patch IDs based on the diff contents) on | |
<em>subsystem</em> are literally the same before and after the rebase | |
<em>subsystem</em> did.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>In that case, the fix is easy because <em>git rebase</em> knows to skip | |
changes that are already present in the new upstream. So if you say | |
(assuming you’re on <em>topic</em>)</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code> $ git rebase subsystem</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>you will end up with the fixed history</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code> o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master | |
\ | |
o'--o'--o'--o'--o' subsystem | |
\ | |
*---*---* topic</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect2"> | |
<h3 id="_the_hard_case">The hard case</h3> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Things get more complicated if the <em>subsystem</em> changes do not exactly | |
correspond to the ones before the rebase.</p></div> | |
<div class="admonitionblock"> | |
<table><tr> | |
<td class="icon"> | |
<div class="title">Note</div> | |
</td> | |
<td class="content">While an "easy case recovery" sometimes appears to be successful | |
even in the hard case, it may have unintended consequences. For | |
example, a commit that was removed via <code>git rebase | |
--interactive</code> will be <strong>resurrected</strong>!</td> | |
</tr></table> | |
</div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>The idea is to manually tell <em>git rebase</em> "where the old <em>subsystem</em> | |
ended and your <em>topic</em> began", that is, what the old merge-base | |
between them was. You will have to find a way to name the last commit | |
of the old <em>subsystem</em>, for example:</p></div> | |
<div class="ulist"><ul> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
With the <em>subsystem</em> reflog: after <em>git fetch</em>, the old tip of | |
<em>subsystem</em> is at <code>subsystem@{1}</code>. Subsequent fetches will | |
increase the number. (See <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a>.) | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
<li> | |
<p> | |
Relative to the tip of <em>topic</em>: knowing that your <em>topic</em> has three | |
commits, the old tip of <em>subsystem</em> must be <code>topic~3</code>. | |
</p> | |
</li> | |
</ul></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can then transplant the old <code>subsystem..topic</code> to the new tip by | |
saying (for the reflog case, and assuming you are on <em>topic</em> already):</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code> $ git rebase --onto subsystem subsystem@{1}</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>The ripple effect of a "hard case" recovery is especially bad: | |
<em>everyone</em> downstream from <em>topic</em> will now have to perform a "hard | |
case" recovery too!</p></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_bugs">BUGS</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>The todo list presented by <code>--preserve-merges --interactive</code> does not | |
represent the topology of the revision graph. Editing commits and | |
rewording their commit messages should work fine, but attempts to | |
reorder commits tend to produce counterintuitive results.</p></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, an attempt to rearrange</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>1 --- 2 --- 3 --- 4 --- 5</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>to</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code>1 --- 2 --- 4 --- 3 --- 5</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>by moving the "pick 4" line will result in the following history:</p></div> | |
<div class="listingblock"> | |
<div class="content"> | |
<pre><code> 3 | |
/ | |
1 --- 2 --- 4 --- 5</code></pre> | |
</div></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div class="sect1"> | |
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2> | |
<div class="sectionbody"> | |
<div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
<div id="footnotes"><hr /></div> | |
<div id="footer"> | |
<div id="footer-text"> | |
Last updated 2016-12-19 16:18:00 PST | |
</div> | |
</div> | |
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