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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>git-fast-export(1) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git-fast-export - Git data exporter</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<pre class="content"><em>git fast-export</em> [&lt;options&gt;] | <em>git fast-import</em></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This program dumps the given revisions in a form suitable to be piped
into <em>git fast-import</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can use it as a human-readable bundle replacement (see
<a href="git-bundle.html">git-bundle(1)</a>), or as a format that can be edited before being
fed to <em>git fast-import</em> in order to do history rewrites (an ability
relied on by tools like <em>git filter-repo</em>).</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">--progress=&lt;n&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Insert <em>progress</em> statements every &lt;n&gt; objects, to be shown by
<em>git fast-import</em> during import.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--signed-tags=(verbatim|warn-verbatim|warn-strip|strip|abort)</dt>
<dd>
<p>Specify how to handle signed tags. Since any transformation
after the export (or during the export, such as excluding
revisions) can change the hashes being signed, the signatures
may become invalid.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When asking to <em>abort</em> (which is the default), this program will die
when encountering a signed tag. With <em>strip</em>, the tags will silently
be made unsigned, with <em>warn-strip</em> they will be made unsigned but a
warning will be displayed, with <em>verbatim</em>, they will be silently
exported and with <em>warn-verbatim</em> (or <em>warn</em>, a deprecated synonym),
they will be exported, but you will see a warning. <em>verbatim</em> and
<em>warn-verbatim</em> should only be used if you know that no transformation
affecting tags or any commit in their history will be performed by you
or by fast-export or fast-import, or if you do not care that the
resulting tag will have an invalid signature.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--signed-commits=(verbatim|warn-verbatim|warn-strip|strip|abort)</dt>
<dd>
<p>Specify how to handle signed commits. Behaves exactly as
<em>--signed-tags</em>, but for commits. Default is <em>strip</em>, which
is the same as how earlier versions of this command without
this option behaved.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When exported, a signature starts with:</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>gpgsig &lt;git-hash-algo&gt; &lt;signature-format&gt;</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>where &lt;git-hash-algo&gt; is the Git object hash so either "sha1" or
"sha256", and &lt;signature-format&gt; is the signature type, so "openpgp",
"x509", "ssh" or "unknown".</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For example, an OpenPGP signature on a SHA-1 commit starts with
<code>gpgsig</code> <code>sha1</code> <code>openpgp</code>, while an SSH signature on a SHA-256 commit
starts with <code>gpgsig</code> <code>sha256</code> <code>ssh</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>While all the signatures of a commit are exported, an importer may
choose to accept only some of them. For example
<a href="git-fast-import.html">git-fast-import(1)</a> currently stores at most one signature per
Git hash algorithm in each commit.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
This is highly experimental and the format of the data stream may
change in the future without compatibility guarantees.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--tag-of-filtered-object=(abort|drop|rewrite)</dt>
<dd>
<p>Specify how to handle tags whose tagged object is filtered out.
Since revisions and files to export can be limited by path,
tagged objects may be filtered completely.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When asking to <em>abort</em> (which is the default), this program will die
when encountering such a tag. With <em>drop</em> it will omit such tags from
the output. With <em>rewrite</em>, if the tagged object is a commit, it will
rewrite the tag to tag an ancestor commit (via parent rewriting; see
<a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>).</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-M</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">-C</dt>
<dd>
<p>Perform move and/or copy detection, as described in the
<a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> manual page, and use it to generate
rename and copy commands in the output dump.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that earlier versions of this command did not complain and
produced incorrect results if you gave these options.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--export-marks=&lt;file&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Dumps the internal marks table to &lt;file&gt; when complete.
Marks are written one per line as <code>:markid</code> <code>SHA-1</code>. Only marks
for revisions are dumped; marks for blobs are ignored.
Backends can use this file to validate imports after they
have been completed, or to save the marks table across
incremental runs. As &lt;file&gt; is only opened and truncated
at completion, the same path can also be safely given to
--import-marks.
The file will not be written if no new object has been
marked/exported.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--import-marks=&lt;file&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Before processing any input, load the marks specified in
&lt;file&gt;. The input file must exist, must be readable, and
must use the same format as produced by --export-marks.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--mark-tags</dt>
<dd>
<p>In addition to labelling blobs and commits with mark ids, also
label tags. This is useful in conjunction with
<code>--export-marks</code> and <code>--import-marks</code>, and is also useful (and
necessary) for exporting of nested tags. It does not hurt
other cases and would be the default, but many fast-import
frontends are not prepared to accept tags with mark
identifiers.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Any commits (or tags) that have already been marked will not be
exported again. If the backend uses a similar --import-marks file,
this allows for incremental bidirectional exporting of the repository
by keeping the marks the same across runs.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--fake-missing-tagger</dt>
<dd>
<p>Some old repositories have tags without a tagger. The
fast-import protocol was pretty strict about that, and did not
allow that. So fake a tagger to be able to fast-import the
output.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--use-done-feature</dt>
<dd>
<p>Start the stream with a <em>feature done</em> stanza, and terminate
it with a <em>done</em> command.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-data</dt>
<dd>
<p>Skip output of blob objects and instead refer to blobs via
their original SHA-1 hash. This is useful when rewriting the
directory structure or history of a repository without
touching the contents of individual files. Note that the
resulting stream can only be used by a repository which
already contains the necessary objects.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--full-tree</dt>
<dd>
<p>This option will cause fast-export to issue a "deleteall"
directive for each commit followed by a full list of all files
in the commit (as opposed to just listing the files which are
different from the commit&#8217;s first parent).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--anonymize</dt>
<dd>
<p>Anonymize the contents of the repository while still retaining
the shape of the history and stored tree. See the section on
<code>ANONYMIZING</code> below.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--anonymize-map=&lt;from&gt;[:&lt;to&gt;]</dt>
<dd>
<p>Convert token <em>&lt;from&gt;</em> to <em>&lt;to&gt;</em> in the anonymized output. If
<em>&lt;to&gt;</em> is omitted, map <em>&lt;from&gt;</em> to itself (i.e., do not
anonymize it). See the section on <code>ANONYMIZING</code> below.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--reference-excluded-parents</dt>
<dd>
<p>By default, running a command such as <code>git</code> <code>fast-export</code>
<code>master~5</code><code>..</code><code>master</code> will not include the commit master~5
and will make master~4 no longer have master~5 as
a parent (though both the old master~4 and new
master~4 will have all the same files). Use
--reference-excluded-parents to instead have the stream
refer to commits in the excluded range of history by their
sha1sum. Note that the resulting stream can only be used by a
repository which already contains the necessary parent
commits.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--show-original-ids</dt>
<dd>
<p>Add an extra directive to the output for commits and blobs,
<code>original-oid</code> <em>&lt;SHA1SUM&gt;</em>. While such directives will likely be
ignored by importers such as git-fast-import, it may be useful
for intermediary filters (e.g. for rewriting commit messages
which refer to older commits, or for stripping blobs by id).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--reencode=(yes|no|abort)</dt>
<dd>
<p>Specify how to handle <code>encoding</code> header in commit objects. When
asking to <em>abort</em> (which is the default), this program will die
when encountering such a commit object. With <em>yes</em>, the commit
message will be re-encoded into UTF-8. With <em>no</em>, the original
encoding will be preserved.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--refspec</dt>
<dd>
<p>Apply the specified refspec to each ref exported. Multiple of them can
be specified.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">[&lt;git-rev-list-args&gt;&#8230;&#8203;]</dt>
<dd>
<p>A list of arguments, acceptable to <em>git rev-parse</em> and
<em>git rev-list</em>, that specifies the specific objects and references
to export. For example, <code>master~10</code><code>..</code><code>master</code> causes the
current master reference to be exported along with all objects
added since its 10th ancestor commit and (unless the
--reference-excluded-parents option is specified) all files
common to master~9 and master~10.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git fast-export --all | (cd /empty/repository &amp;&amp; git fast-import)</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This will export the whole repository and import it into the existing
empty repository. Except for reencoding commits that are not in
UTF-8, it would be a one-to-one mirror.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git fast-export master~5..master |
sed "s|refs/heads/master|refs/heads/other|" |
git fast-import</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This makes a new branch called <em>other</em> from <em>master~5..master</em>
(i.e. if <em>master</em> has linear history, it will take the last 5 commits).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that this assumes that none of the blobs and commit messages
referenced by that revision range contains the string
<em>refs/heads/master</em>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_anonymizing">ANONYMIZING</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If the <code>--anonymize</code> option is given, git will attempt to remove all
identifying information from the repository while still retaining enough
of the original tree and history patterns to reproduce some bugs. The
goal is that a git bug which is found on a private repository will
persist in the anonymized repository, and the latter can be shared with
git developers to help solve the bug.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>With this option, git will replace all refnames, paths, blob contents,
commit and tag messages, names, and email addresses in the output with
anonymized data. Two instances of the same string will be replaced
equivalently (e.g., two commits with the same author will have the same
anonymized author in the output, but bear no resemblance to the original
author string). The relationship between commits, branches, and tags is
retained, as well as the commit timestamps (but the commit messages and
refnames bear no resemblance to the originals). The relative makeup of
the tree is retained (e.g., if you have a root tree with 10 files and 3
trees, so will the output), but their names and the contents of the
files will be replaced.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you think you have found a git bug, you can start by exporting an
anonymized stream of the whole repository:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git fast-export --anonymize --all &gt;anon-stream</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Then confirm that the bug persists in a repository created from that
stream (many bugs will not, as they really do depend on the exact
repository contents):</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git init anon-repo
$ cd anon-repo
$ git fast-import &lt;../anon-stream
$ ... test your bug ...</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If the anonymized repository shows the bug, it may be worth sharing
<code>anon-stream</code> along with a regular bug report. Note that the anonymized
stream compresses very well, so gzipping it is encouraged. If you want
to examine the stream to see that it does not contain any private data,
you can peruse it directly before sending. You may also want to try:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ perl -pe 's/\d+/X/g' &lt;anon-stream | sort -u | less</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>which shows all of the unique lines (with numbers converted to "X", to
collapse "User 0", "User 1", etc into "User X"). This produces a much
smaller output, and it is usually easy to quickly confirm that there is
no private data in the stream.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Reproducing some bugs may require referencing particular commits or
paths, which becomes challenging after refnames and paths have been
anonymized. You can ask for a particular token to be left as-is or
mapped to a new value. For example, if you have a bug which reproduces
with <code>git</code> <code>rev-list</code> <code>sensitive</code> <code>--</code> <code>secret.c</code>, you can run:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git fast-export --anonymize --all \
--anonymize-map=sensitive:foo \
--anonymize-map=secret.c:bar.c \
&gt;stream</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>After importing the stream, you can then run <code>git</code> <code>rev-list</code> <code>foo</code> <code>--</code> <code>bar.c</code>
in the anonymized repository.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that paths and refnames are split into tokens at slash boundaries.
The command above would anonymize <code>subdir/secret.c</code> as something like
<code>path123/bar.c</code>; you could then search for <code>bar.c</code> in the anonymized
repository to determine the final pathname.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To make referencing the final pathname simpler, you can map each path
component; so if you also anonymize <code>subdir</code> to <code>publicdir</code>, then the
final pathname would be <code>publicdir/bar.c</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_limitations">LIMITATIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Since <em>git fast-import</em> cannot tag trees, you will not be
able to export the linux.git repository completely, as it contains
a tag referencing a tree instead of a commit.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="git-fast-import.html">git-fast-import(1)</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
</div>
</div>
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Last updated 2025-07-24 21:55:32 -0700
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