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| </head> |
| <body class="manpage"> |
| <div id="header"> |
| <h1>gitsubmodules(7) Manual Page</h1> |
| <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <p>gitsubmodules - Mounting one repository inside another</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="content"> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>.gitmodules, $GIT_DIR/config</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>git submodule |
| git <command> --recurse-submodules</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A submodule is a repository embedded inside another repository. |
| The submodule has its own history; the repository it is embedded |
| in is called a superproject.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>On the filesystem, a submodule usually (but not always - see FORMS below) |
| consists of (i) a Git directory located under the <code>$GIT_DIR/modules/</code> |
| directory of its superproject, (ii) a working directory inside the |
| superproject’s working directory, and a .<code>git</code> file at the root of |
| the submodule’s working directory pointing to (i).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Assuming the submodule has a Git directory at <code>$GIT_DIR/modules/foo/</code> |
| and a working directory at <code>path/to/bar/</code>, the superproject tracks the |
| submodule via a <code>gitlink</code> entry in the tree at <code>path/to/bar</code> and an entry |
| in its .<code>gitmodules</code> file (see <a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>) of the form |
| <code>submodule.foo.path</code> <code>=</code> <code>path/to/bar</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <code>gitlink</code> entry contains the object name of the commit that the |
| superproject expects the submodule’s working directory to be at.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The section <code>submodule.foo.*</code> in the .<code>gitmodules</code> file gives additional |
| hints to Git’s porcelain layer. For example, the <code>submodule.foo.url</code> |
| setting specifies where to obtain the submodule.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Submodules can be used for at least two different use cases:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="olist arabic"> |
| <ol class="arabic"> |
| <li> |
| <p>Using another project while maintaining independent history. |
| Submodules allow you to contain the working tree of another project |
| within your own working tree while keeping the history of both |
| projects separate. Also, since submodules are fixed to an arbitrary |
| version, the other project can be independently developed without |
| affecting the superproject, allowing the superproject project to |
| fix itself to new versions only when desired.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Splitting a (logically single) project into multiple |
| repositories and tying them back together. This can be used to |
| overcome current limitations of Git’s implementation to have |
| finer grained access:</p> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Size of the Git repository: |
| In its current form Git scales up poorly for large repositories containing |
| content that is not compressed by delta computation between trees. |
| For example, you can use submodules to hold large binary assets |
| and these repositories can be shallowly cloned such that you do not |
| have a large history locally.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Transfer size: |
| In its current form Git requires the whole working tree present. It |
| does not allow partial trees to be transferred in fetch or clone. |
| If the project you work on consists of multiple repositories tied |
| together as submodules in a superproject, you can avoid fetching the |
| working trees of the repositories you are not interested in.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Access control: |
| By restricting user access to submodules, this can be used to implement |
| read/write policies for different users.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_the_configuration_of_submodules">The configuration of submodules</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Submodule operations can be configured using the following mechanisms |
| (from highest to lowest precedence):</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>The command line for those commands that support taking submodules |
| as part of their pathspecs. Most commands have a boolean flag |
| <code>--recurse-submodules</code> which specifies whether to recurse into submodules. |
| Examples are <code>grep</code> and <code>checkout</code>. |
| Some commands take enums, such as <code>fetch</code> and <code>push</code>, where you can |
| specify how submodules are affected.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>The configuration inside the submodule. This includes <code>$GIT_DIR/config</code> |
| in the submodule, but also settings in the tree such as a .<code>gitattributes</code> |
| or .<code>gitignore</code> files that specify behavior of commands inside the |
| submodule.</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For example an effect from the submodule’s .<code>gitignore</code> file |
| would be observed when you run <code>git</code> <code>status</code> <code>--ignore-submodules=none</code> in |
| the superproject. This collects information from the submodule’s working |
| directory by running <code>status</code> in the submodule while paying attention |
| to the .<code>gitignore</code> file of the submodule.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The submodule’s <code>$GIT_DIR/config</code> file would come into play when running |
| <code>git</code> <code>push</code> <code>--recurse-submodules=check</code> in the superproject, as this would |
| check if the submodule has any changes not published to any remote. The |
| remotes are configured in the submodule as usual in the <code>$GIT_DIR/config</code> |
| file.</p> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>The configuration file <code>$GIT_DIR/config</code> in the superproject. |
| Git only recurses into active submodules (see "ACTIVE SUBMODULES" |
| section below).</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If the submodule is not yet initialized, then the configuration |
| inside the submodule does not exist yet, so where to |
| obtain the submodule from is configured here for example.</p> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>The .<code>gitmodules</code> file inside the superproject. A project usually |
| uses this file to suggest defaults for the upstream collection |
| of repositories for the mapping that is required between a |
| submodule’s name and its path.</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This file mainly serves as the mapping between the name and path of submodules |
| in the superproject, such that the submodule’s Git directory can be |
| located.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If the submodule has never been initialized, this is the only place |
| where submodule configuration is found. It serves as the last fallback |
| to specify where to obtain the submodule from.</p> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_forms">FORMS</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Submodules can take the following forms:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>The basic form described in DESCRIPTION with a Git directory, |
| a working directory, a <code>gitlink</code>, and a .<code>gitmodules</code> entry.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>"Old-form" submodule: A working directory with an embedded |
| .<code>git</code> directory, and the tracking <code>gitlink</code> and .<code>gitmodules</code> entry in |
| the superproject. This is typically found in repositories generated |
| using older versions of Git.</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>It is possible to construct these old form repositories manually.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>When deinitialized or deleted (see below), the submodule’s Git |
| directory is automatically moved to <code>$GIT_DIR/modules/</code><em><name></em><code>/</code> |
| of the superproject.</p> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Deinitialized submodule: A <code>gitlink</code>, and a .<code>gitmodules</code> entry, |
| but no submodule working directory. The submodule’s Git directory |
| may be there as after deinitializing the Git directory is kept around. |
| The directory which is supposed to be the working directory is empty instead.</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A submodule can be deinitialized by running <code>git</code> <code>submodule</code> <code>deinit</code>. |
| Besides emptying the working directory, this command only modifies |
| the superproject’s <code>$GIT_DIR/config</code> file, so the superproject’s history |
| is not affected. This can be undone using <code>git</code> <code>submodule</code> <code>init</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Deleted submodule: A submodule can be deleted by running |
| <code>git</code> <code>rm</code> <em><submodule-path></em> && <code>git</code> <code>commit</code>. This can be undone |
| using <code>git</code> <code>revert</code>.</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The deletion removes the superproject’s tracking data, which are |
| both the <code>gitlink</code> entry and the section in the .<code>gitmodules</code> file. |
| The submodule’s working directory is removed from the file |
| system, but the Git directory is kept around as it to make it |
| possible to checkout past commits without requiring fetching |
| from another repository.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To completely remove a submodule, manually delete |
| <code>$GIT_DIR/modules/</code><em><name></em><code>/</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_active_submodules">ACTIVE SUBMODULES</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A submodule is considered active,</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="olist arabic"> |
| <ol class="arabic"> |
| <li> |
| <p>if <code>submodule.</code><em><name></em><code>.active</code> is set to <code>true</code></p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>or</p> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>if the submodule’s path matches the pathspec in <code>submodule.active</code></p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>or</p> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>if <code>submodule.</code><em><name></em><code>.url</code> is set.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>and these are evaluated in this order.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For example:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>[submodule "foo"] |
| active = false |
| url = https://example.org/foo |
| [submodule "bar"] |
| active = true |
| url = https://example.org/bar |
| [submodule "baz"] |
| url = https://example.org/baz</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In the above config only the submodules <em>bar</em> and <em>baz</em> are active, |
| <em>bar</em> due to (1) and <em>baz</em> due to (3). <em>foo</em> is inactive because |
| (1) takes precedence over (3)</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Note that (3) is a historical artefact and will be ignored if the |
| (1) and (2) specify that the submodule is not active. In other words, |
| if we have a <code>submodule.</code><em><name></em><code>.active</code> set to <code>false</code> or if the |
| submodule’s path is excluded in the pathspec in <code>submodule.active</code>, the |
| url doesn’t matter whether it is present or not. This is illustrated in |
| the example that follows.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>[submodule "foo"] |
| active = true |
| url = https://example.org/foo |
| [submodule "bar"] |
| url = https://example.org/bar |
| [submodule "baz"] |
| url = https://example.org/baz |
| [submodule "bob"] |
| ignore = true |
| [submodule] |
| active = b* |
| active = :(exclude) baz</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In here all submodules except <em>baz</em> (foo, bar, bob) are active. |
| <em>foo</em> due to its own active flag and all the others due to the |
| submodule active pathspec, which specifies that any submodule |
| starting with <em>b</em> except <em>baz</em> are also active, regardless of the |
| presence of the .url field.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_workflow_for_a_third_party_library">Workflow for a third party library</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre># Add a submodule |
| git submodule add <URL> <path></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre># Occasionally update the submodule to a new version: |
| git -C <path> checkout <new-version> |
| git add <path> |
| git commit -m "update submodule to new version"</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre># See the list of submodules in a superproject |
| git submodule status</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre># See FORMS on removing submodules</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_workflow_for_an_artificially_split_repo">Workflow for an artificially split repo</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre># Enable recursion for relevant commands, such that |
| # regular commands recurse into submodules by default |
| git config --global submodule.recurse true</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre># Unlike most other commands below, clone still needs |
| # its own recurse flag: |
| git clone --recurse <URL> <directory> |
| cd <directory></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre># Get to know the code: |
| git grep foo |
| git ls-files --recurse-submodules</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="admonitionblock note"> |
| <table> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="icon"> |
| <div class="title">Note</div> |
| </td> |
| <td class="content"> |
| <code>git</code> <code>ls-files</code> also requires its own <code>--recurse-submodules</code> flag. |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| </table> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre># Get new code |
| git fetch |
| git pull --rebase</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre># Change worktree |
| git checkout |
| git reset</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_implementation_details">Implementation details</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>When cloning or pulling a repository containing submodules the submodules |
| will not be checked out by default; you can instruct <code>clone</code> to recurse |
| into submodules. The <code>init</code> and <code>update</code> subcommands of <code>git</code> <code>submodule</code> |
| will maintain submodules checked out and at an appropriate revision in |
| your working tree. Alternatively you can set <code>submodule.recurse</code> to have |
| <code>checkout</code> recurse into submodules (note that <code>submodule.recurse</code> also |
| affects other Git commands, see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for a complete list).</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><a href="git-submodule.html">git-submodule(1)</a>, <a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="footer"> |
| <div id="footer-text"> |
| Last updated 2025-06-20 18:10:42 -0700 |
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