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| </head> | |
| <body class="manpage"> | |
| <div id="header"> | |
| <h1>gittutorial(7) Manual Page</h1> | |
| <h2 id="_name">NAME</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <p>gittutorial - Introduction to Git for beginners</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div id="content"> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Git is a program that lets you collaborate with others on code, back up | |
| your code, roll back to an earlier version of your project, track how | |
| your project has changed over time, and much more.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>This tutorial explains how to create a new Git project, make | |
| changes to it, and upload the project to the Internet. It usually takes | |
| less than an hour if you have a little previous experience with Git, and | |
| 1-2 hours if not.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>We’ll show you how to use the commands <code>git</code> <code>commit</code>, <code>git</code> <code>add</code>, | |
| <code>git</code> <code>diff</code>, <code>git</code> <code>status</code>, and <code>git</code> <code>push</code>.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_what_well_be_doing">What we’ll be doing</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Git lets you take snapshots of your code, like a checkpoint in a video | |
| game. These snapshots are called "commits". Which files to save in a | |
| commit is up to you.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>When Git stores a commit, it stores a copy of every file in the commit | |
| in a database in a folder called .<code>git</code>. This is called a "Git repository".</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>In this tutorial we’re going to show you how to:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="olist arabic"> | |
| <ol class="arabic"> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>Create a Git repository in a folder with the command <code>git</code> <code>init</code>. | |
| This creates the .<code>git</code> folder where Git stores all your commits.</p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>Tell Git which files you want to put in a commit</p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>Make a commit</p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>Change a file and make a new commit with the new version</p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>Make experimental changes and throw them away</p> | |
| </li> | |
| </ol> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>We’ll also explain how to use Git to put your code on the Internet.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_command_line_vs_graphical_interfaces">Command line vs graphical interfaces</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Git is a command line program, but there are many graphical interfaces | |
| for Git built by the community. Your text editor might even have a | |
| built-in Git integration.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>In this tutorial, we’ll give instructions for using Git from the | |
| command line. We can’t give you instructions for how to do it in your | |
| graphical interface because there are so many of them.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>You can always switch back and forth between using the command line and | |
| a graphical interface at any time.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_step_1_make_sure_git_is_installed">Step 1: Make sure Git is installed</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>To do this tutorial, you’ll need:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="olist arabic"> | |
| <ol class="arabic"> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>Git to be installed. You might already have it installed, | |
| and if not there are directions at <a href="https://git-scm.com/install/" class="bare">https://git-scm.com/install/</a></p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>A terminal to use. On Windows, you can use Git Bash which comes | |
| when you install Git.</p> | |
| </li> | |
| </ol> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>You can check if Git is installed by running this in your terminal:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git --version</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>It should output something like this:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>git version 2.54.0</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>The exact version isn’t too important: this tutorial is designed to work | |
| with any version of Git after 2.23.0.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="step_2">Step 2: Introduce yourself to Git</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>The first time you use Git on a computer, it’s a good idea to tell Git | |
| your name and public email address. If you don’t, you’ll get a lot of | |
| warnings from Git. To do this, run:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git config --global user.name "Namey McName" | |
| $ git config --global user.email you@example.com</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>The name and email is so that other people you’re collaborating with | |
| can know who made the changes. You can set them to anything you want.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>To check if the name and email have been set, you can run these | |
| commands. They should display your name and email:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git config user.name | |
| $ git config user.email</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Next, configure Git to set the default branch name to <code>main</code> (instead | |
| of <code>master</code>) by running this command. We can’t explain what a branch is | |
| yet, but Git is going to | |
| <a href="https://sfconservancy.org/news/2020/jun/23/gitbranchname/">make <code>main</code> the default soon</a>, | |
| and setting this avoids some extremely annoying problems in Step 14.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git config --global init.defaultBranch main</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>If there’s no output, then it succeeded.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="admonitionblock note"> | |
| <table> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="icon"> | |
| <div class="title">Note</div> | |
| </td> | |
| <td class="content"> | |
| It’s also possible to set a different email address for every project, | |
| but we’re not covering that here. | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| </table> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_step_3_create_an_empty_folder_and_1_file">Step 3: Create an empty folder and 1 file</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>In your terminal, create an empty folder and move into it. | |
| Later on you could follow the same steps in this tutorial to take an | |
| existing project and start managing it with Git, but we’re going to use | |
| an empty project so that everyone following this tutorial has the exact | |
| same files.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>For example, run these commands to make a folder called <code>myproject</code>:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ mkdir myproject | |
| $ cd myproject</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Next, using your text editor, create a file in this folder, so we | |
| have something to work with.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Make a file called README.md, with these contents:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>We're doing a Git tutorial! | |
| We need 2 lines in this file so here's a second one</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Save <code>README.md</code> and keep it open in your text editor so you can | |
| easily edit it later. The exact contents aren’t too important, but | |
| we’ll use those contents in the example output later.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>You can check that the file is in the right place by running <code>ls</code>, | |
| like this:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ ls</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>The output should look like this:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>README.md</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_step_4_create_a_git_repository">Step 4: Create a Git repository</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>A Git repository lets you save snapshots of your code. Every time you make a | |
| snapshot, Git stores a copy of the contents of every file in the snapshot.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>This might feel unbelievable, but Git uses compression so you can easily | |
| store tens of thousands of snapshots without using too much disk space.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>You can create a Git repository for any folder in your computer by | |
| running the command <code>git</code> <code>init</code>.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Run <code>git</code> <code>init</code> in the folder you just created, like this:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git init</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Git will reply:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>Initialized empty Git repository in .git/</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>You might notice a new hidden folder was created, named .<code>git</code>. | |
| You don’t need to use this folder directly in any way, but it’s where | |
| your commits will be stored.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_step_5_make_your_first_commit">Step 5: Make your first commit</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Next, we’re going to take a snapshot of all the files in the directory | |
| and tell Git to store them. Git calls these snapshots "commits". | |
| Making a commit in Git is a two step process: first you need to run <code>git</code> | |
| <code>add</code> and then <code>git</code> <code>commit</code>.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>The reason it’s a two step process is that sometimes you might not | |
| actually want Git to store a commit with <em>all</em> the files in a folder. | |
| For example, if you’re compiling your program to a binary, you might | |
| want Git to put the program’s source code in your commit but not | |
| compiled binary. You can also use a .<code>gitignore</code> file to help with this.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>For now, we’re going to store a commit with every file in your folder, | |
| as well as in every subfolder.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>The first step of making a commit is to tell Git which files you | |
| want to include in the commit using <code>git</code> <code>add</code>. To tell Git | |
| "include all files", run this command:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git add .</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>To check if it succeeded, you can run <code>git</code> <code>status</code>. | |
| The output should look like this:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git status | |
| On branch main | |
| No commits yet | |
| Changes to be committed: | |
| (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage) | |
| new file: README.md</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Next you can create the commit using the <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> command, like | |
| this:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git commit -m "Initial commit"</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>The <code>-m</code> flag stands for "message", and it lets you set a reminder | |
| for your future self of what you were doing. The message | |
| ("Initial commit" in this example) can say anything you want.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>The output should look like this:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>[main (root-commit) 4a7e367] Initial commit | |
| 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) | |
| create mode 100644 README.md</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>You’ve now stored the first version of your project in Git!</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_git_status_is_very_important"><code>git</code> <code>status</code> is very important</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p><code>git</code> <code>status</code> shows you the current state of your Git repository. | |
| It can give a huge amount of different information that takes | |
| practice to interpret, so this tutorial has several examples of | |
| how to interpret the output of <code>git</code> <code>status</code> in different situations.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>It’s often useful to run <code>git</code> <code>status</code> before and after running a Git | |
| command to see how it changed things.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_step_6_make_a_change">Step 6: Make a change</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Now, let’s learn how to make a change to a file and review the change you made. | |
| In this example, we’ll update the file <code>README.md</code>, but you can edit a | |
| different file.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>First open <code>README.md</code> in your favourite text editor, make a tiny or | |
| silly change, and save it. In our example, we’ll edit the first line to | |
| add more exclamation marks:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>We're doing a Git tutorial!!!!</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Next, in the terminal, run the command <code>git</code> <code>status</code> to get a summary of | |
| what you changed since the last Git commit.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git status</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>The output will look something like this:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>On branch main | |
| Changes not staged for commit: | |
| (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) | |
| (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) | |
| modified: README.md</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>This output says that we’ve changed <code>README.md</code> since the last time | |
| we committed.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Next, if you want to see the details of how you’ve changed <code>README.md</code>, | |
| you can run <code>git</code> <code>diff</code>.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git diff</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>The output will look something like this:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>diff --git a/README.md b/README.md | |
| index ffa8b85..a49e4b0 100644 | |
| --- a/README.md | |
| +++ b/README.md | |
| @@ -1,2 +1,2 @@ | |
| -We're doing a Git tutorial! | |
| +We're doing a Git tutorial!!!! | |
| We need 2 lines in this file so here's a second one</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>This output says that we deleted one line (<code>We</code>'re <code>doing</code> <code>a</code> <code>Git</code> | |
| <code>tutorial</code>!) and added one line (<code>We</code>'re <code>doing</code> <code>a</code> <code>Git</code> <code>tutorial</code>!!!!). By | |
| default Git will show the lines you removed in red, and the lines you | |
| added in green. Removed lines start with a minus <code>-</code> and added lines | |
| start with a plus <code>+</code>.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_step_7a_make_a_second_commit">Step 7a: Make a second commit</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Now that we’ve changed <code>README.md</code>, let’s make another commit. | |
| We’re going to follow the same steps as before when we made our first | |
| commit.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>First, tell Git that we want to include the new version of <code>README.md</code> | |
| in the next commit:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git add README.md</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>and then run <code>git</code> <code>commit</code>, like this:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git commit -m "Update README"</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>The output should look like this:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>[main 32e0171] Update README | |
| 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>This says that the new commit is the same as the previous commit, | |
| except that we changed 1 line of 1 file.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_step_7b_make_a_second_commit_the_short_way">Step 7b: Make a second commit (the short way)</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Instead of running the two commands in Step 7a above, you | |
| could also run this command as a shortcut. It will:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="olist arabic"> | |
| <ol class="arabic"> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>Get a list of every file in the most recent commit</p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>Commit the current version of all of those files</p> | |
| </li> | |
| </ol> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git commit -am "Update README"</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>The <code>-a</code> stands for "all".</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_understanding_git_status_output_untracked_files">Understanding <code>git</code> <code>status</code> output: "untracked files"</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Now let’s talk about a term you’ll see in the <code>git</code> <code>status</code> output: | |
| "untracked files".</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>First create a new file called <code>example.txt</code>. It can be empty.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Then run the command <code>git</code> <code>status</code>. You should see this output:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>On branch main | |
| Untracked files: | |
| (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed) | |
| example.txt | |
| nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>This has a list of "untracked files". An untracked file is a file which | |
| was not part of the latest commit. By default Git will ignore these | |
| files.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>If you want to commit an untracked file, you can add it like this:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git add example.txt</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Then you can run <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> to commit it (though see the warning in | |
| the next section!).</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_warning_about_terminal_text_editors">Warning about terminal text editors</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>If you run <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> without any arguments, Git will open a | |
| text editor in the terminal for you to use to edit your commit message. | |
| This lets you write a longer commit message with more details. | |
| By default, Git uses the <code>vi</code> text editor, which is extremely difficult | |
| to use if you’re not used to it. On Windows, the Git installer asks you | |
| to set your text editor during the install to avoid this problem.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Some signs that you’re trapped in <code>vi</code>: suddenly typing doesn’t work | |
| anymore, and there are tilde <code>~</code> characters on the bottom left of the | |
| screen.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>If Git opens <code>vi</code> and you’d rather use a different editor, you can | |
| handle it like this:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="olist arabic"> | |
| <ol class="arabic"> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>Quit by pressing the <code>Escape</code> key, then typing <code>:q</code>! and then <code>Enter</code></p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>Run <code>git</code> <code>config</code> <code>--global</code> <code>core.editor</code> <code>YOUR_PREFERRED_EDITOR</code> | |
| to configure which editor to use. For example, <code>nano</code> is available | |
| on a lot of systems and has basic instructions on the screen for how | |
| to use it. Here is a list of | |
| <a href="https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Setup-and-Config#ch_core_editor">how to configure some common editors</a>.</p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>Run <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> again</p> | |
| </li> | |
| </ol> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>If you don’t want to set up a text editor yet, you can also just use | |
| <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> <code>-m</code>"your <code>message</code>" like we did earlier in this tutorial.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_step_8_make_a_change_and_throw_it_away">Step 8: Make a change and throw it away</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>One of the most useful things about Git is that it lets you safely | |
| experiment: you never need to be scared to change your code because you | |
| can always go back to the old version.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Before starting to experiment, run <code>git</code> <code>status</code> to check the current | |
| state of your Git repository:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git status | |
| On branch main | |
| nothing to commit, working tree clean</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>This "working tree clean" message means that there haven’t been any | |
| changes since your last commit.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Now make a change to <code>README.md</code>, and run <code>git</code> <code>status</code> again. Like last | |
| time, you should see a message like this:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git status | |
| On branch main | |
| Changes not staged for commit: | |
| (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) | |
| (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) | |
| modified: README.md</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>This tells us that <code>README.md</code> has been changed since the last commit. | |
| But we don’t actually want this change, so let’s undo it! We can restore | |
| <code>README.md</code> back to how it was at the most recent commit using the <code>git</code> | |
| <code>restore</code> command.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p><strong>WARNING</strong>: <code>git</code> <code>restore</code> can’t be reversed! Any time you run it it’s | |
| important to be absolutely sure that you’re okay with throwing away your | |
| changes since the last commit.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git restore README.md</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Now open <code>README.md</code> again. You should see that your changes have been undone.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_you_can_stop_here">You can stop here!</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>The commands we’ve learned so far (<code>git</code> <code>init</code>, <code>git</code> <code>add</code>, <code>git</code> <code>commit</code>, | |
| <code>git</code> <code>diff</code>, <code>git</code> <code>status</code>, and <code>git</code> <code>restore</code>) are enough to get a lot out | |
| of Git on their own.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>With these commands, you can keep copies of past versions of your code | |
| on your computer and safely experiment with big changes to your code.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>When using Git this way, all of your code just lives on your computer. | |
| But if you want to put your code on the Internet so that other people | |
| can use it or back it up, then you’ll need to learn about one more | |
| command: <code>git</code> <code>push</code>.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>The rest of this tutorial is about how to upload your code to a Git | |
| repository on the Internet. The high level process is:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="olist arabic"> | |
| <ol class="arabic"> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>Create an account on the Git host</p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>Configure Git so that it can login to the Git host to make changes</p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>Run <code>git</code> <code>push</code> <code>origin</code> <code>main</code> to upload your code</p> | |
| </li> | |
| </ol> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Navigating the Git host’s UI can be tricky, and it’s hard for us to | |
| give you exact directions because the UIs change a lot. | |
| There’s a rich tradition of people learning Git from their "Git friend" | |
| who already knows Git, and if you have one of those it might be useful | |
| to ask them if you get stuck. There are many ways to do things in Git, | |
| so they might suggest a slightly different way. | |
| There’s also a troubleshooting guide at the end with the most common | |
| issues folks have run into while doing this tutorial.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_step_9_create_an_account_on_a_git_host">Step 9: Create an account on a Git host</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>To put your code on the Internet, you need it to be hosted somewhere. | |
| The easiest way to do this is to sign up with a Git host. There’s a list | |
| of Git hosts (many of them offer free accounts) at | |
| <a href="https://git-scm.com/tools/hosting" class="bare">https://git-scm.com/tools/hosting</a>. GitHub and GitLab are two popular hosts.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>If you’re comfortable running a server, there are other ways to host | |
| a Git repository on the internet, like connecting through SSH or open | |
| source Git forge software to your server.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_step_10_maclinux_only_create_an_ssh_key_if_needed">Step 10 (Mac/Linux only): Create an SSH key if needed</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>For Git to upload changes to another Git repository, it needs a way to | |
| login to that repository. One of the most popular ways to do this is | |
| with an SSH key.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>On Windows, you can skip this step and the next one because Git for | |
| Windows comes with | |
| <a href="https://github.com/git-ecosystem/git-credential-manager">Git Credential Manager</a> | |
| to handle logging in.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>If you don’t already have an SSH key, you’ll need to create one. | |
| You can check if you already have an SSH key by running:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ ls ~/.ssh/*.pub</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>If you don’t already have an SSH key, run:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ ssh-keygen</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p><code>ssh-keygen</code> will ask you for some details. | |
| The easiest way to do this is to just press Enter at every prompt until | |
| it’s done.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="admonitionblock note"> | |
| <table> | |
| <tr> | |
| <td class="icon"> | |
| <div class="title">Note</div> | |
| </td> | |
| <td class="content"> | |
| All of the advice about how to use SSH in this tutorial is aimed | |
| at getting it to work as quickly as possible. Setting up SSH in a secure | |
| way is very far outside the scope of this tutorial. If you have a | |
| security team in your organization, they might have very different | |
| opinions about the appropriate way to configure authentication with Git. | |
| </td> | |
| </tr> | |
| </table> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_step_11_maclinux_only_tell_the_git_host_your_ssh_public_key">Step 11 (Mac/Linux only): Tell the Git host your SSH public key</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>First, find your SSH key like this:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ ls ~/.ssh/*.pub</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>That will output something like this. The exact filename depends on the type | |
| of key. The important thing is that you’re looking for a filename that | |
| ends in .<code>pub</code> ("pub" stands for "public"):</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>/home/alice/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Copy the contents of that file to your clipboard. One way to do that is | |
| to run this command (replacing the filename with the right filename), | |
| and then copy the output.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>cat /home/alice/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Then login to your account on the Git host you chose and paste the SSH | |
| key into the appropriate place. Depending on the Git host, it’s likely | |
| under "SSH keys" in your settings. If it asks you what type of SSH key, | |
| look for something like "Authentication Key".</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Once you’ve done this, you’re done! Git will automatically use your SSH | |
| key to try to connect.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="step_12">Step 12: Create an empty Git repository on the Git host</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Go to the Git host’s website and create a new Git repository. If there’s | |
| an option to "create a README.md", "add a license", or something | |
| similar, make sure to say no to all of them.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p><strong>WARNING</strong>: If you create a public repository and push your repository | |
| to it, then your name and email address, as well as the contents of | |
| any files you committed and every previous version of those files, will | |
| be on the public internet. Some Git hosts have the option to create | |
| a private repository instead, to keep your information private.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_step_13_find_the_address_of_the_repository">Step 13: Find the address of the repository</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Now, find the address of the repository on your Git host.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>If you followed the Mac/Linux instructions to set up an SSH key, look | |
| for an "SSH" address like this:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>git@git.example.com:username/repo.git</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>If you’re on Windows, look for an "HTTPS" address like this:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>https://git.example.com/username/repo.git</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>(where <code>example.com</code>, <code>username</code> and <code>repo</code> will be replaced with the | |
| actual values).</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>If you can only find an address starting with <code>https://</code> and you need | |
| an SSH address then you can often translate it to the SSH format by | |
| replacing <code>https://</code> with <code>git@</code> and replacing the <code>/</code> after the domain | |
| name with an <code>:</code>. Here’s how:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>https://git.example.com/username/repo | |
| ^^^^^^^^ ^ | |
| replace with "git@" replace with ":"</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="step_14">Step 14: Push your changes</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Finally, we’re ready to send the information in your local Git repository | |
| to the one on the internet!</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>First, tell Git about the other repository by running <code>git</code> <code>remote</code> <code>add</code> | |
| in your terminal | |
| (replace <code>git@example.com:username/repo.git</code> with the address from Step 13):</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git remote add origin git@example.com:username/repo.git</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>This tells Git to save the URL <code>git@example.com:username/repo.git</code> in | |
| your Git repository’s configuration under the name <code>origin</code>, so that you | |
| can use it later. If you make a mistake while doing this, you can run | |
| <code>git</code> <code>remote</code> <code>remove</code> <code>origin</code> and try again.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Then tell Git to send the information, with <code>git</code> <code>push</code> | |
| (if this doesn’t work, read the "Troubleshooting <code>git</code> <code>push</code>" section for advice!):</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git push --set-upstream origin main</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>On Windows, this should pop up a dialog from Git Credential Manager | |
| asking you to log in to the Git host in your browser.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Let’s break down this <code>git</code> <code>push</code> command:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="ulist"> | |
| <ul> | |
| <li> | |
| <p><code>origin</code> refers to the Git repository that we just added with | |
| <code>git</code> <code>remote</code> <code>add</code> (<code>git@example.com:username/repo.git</code>). | |
| You can use any name (not just <code>origin</code>), but using <code>origin</code> often | |
| makes things easier because it’s the default for <code>git</code> <code>push</code> and <code>git</code> <code>pull</code>.</p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p><code>main</code> is the name of your current Git branch. | |
| We haven’t covered branches yet, but <code>main</code> is the default branch name.</p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p><code>--set-upstream</code> tells Git to make this the default for <code>git</code> <code>push</code> for | |
| the <code>main</code> branch. After you set the upstream, <code>git</code> <code>status</code> will | |
| also tell you if you have commits that haven’t been pushed.</p> | |
| </li> | |
| </ul> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>The output should look like this:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>Enumerating objects: 7, done. | |
| Counting objects: 100% (7/7), done. | |
| Delta compression using up to 8 threads | |
| Compressing objects: 100% (6/6), done. | |
| Writing objects: 100% (7/7), 662 bytes | 662.00 KiB/s, done. | |
| Total 7 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0 (from 0) | |
| To example.com:username/repo | |
| * [new branch] main -> main | |
| branch 'main' set up to track 'origin/main'.</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Any time you want to set up a new repository, you can repeat steps | |
| 12-14, with one exception: you only need to pass <code>--set-upstream</code> the first time | |
| you push. Afterwards you can just run the command:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git push origin main</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_troubleshooting_git_push">Troubleshooting <code>git</code> <code>push</code></h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>There are 3 main errors you might run into when running <code>git</code> <code>push</code> <code>origin</code> <code>main</code>. | |
| Getting errors when running <code>git</code> <code>push</code> is actually a big part of using | |
| Git, so congratulations! If you get to this part of the tutorial, you | |
| get a little bonus experience in debugging.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Here’s a guide to why they’re happening and how to fix them.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p><strong>Problem 1: You pushed to <code>main</code>, but your branch actually isn’t called <code>main</code></strong></p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Here’s the error:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git push origin main | |
| error: src refspec main does not match any</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>This might happen if you didn’t set <code>init.defaultBranch</code> to <code>main</code> in | |
| <a href="#step_2">Step 2</a>.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>If you want to check the name of your current branch, you can run <code>git</code> | |
| <code>status</code>. For example, in this output, the current branch is "master".</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git status | |
| On branch master | |
| ...</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>To push your branch, you have a few options:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="ulist"> | |
| <ul> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>rename your branch to <code>main</code>, by running <code>git</code> <code>branch</code> <code>-m</code> <code>main</code> | |
| and then run <code>git</code> <code>push</code> <code>origin</code> <code>main</code></p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>run <code>git</code> <code>push</code> <code>origin</code> <code>master</code> | |
| (where <code>master</code> is the name of your actual current branch)</p> | |
| </li> | |
| </ul> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p><strong>Problem 2: SSH error</strong></p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Here’s the error:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git push origin main | |
| The authenticity of host 'github.com (140.82.116.3)' can't be established. | |
| ED25519 key fingerprint is: SHA256:+DiY3wvvV6TuJJhbpZisF/zLDA0zPMSvHdkr4UvCOqU | |
| This key is not known by any other names. | |
| Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])?</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Git uses SSH to connect during <code>git</code> <code>push</code>, and this message happens when | |
| SSH connects to a new site that you haven’t connected to before.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>The easiest way to handle this is to type "yes" and press Enter.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p><strong>Problem 3: the repository already has commits in it</strong></p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Here’s the error:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre>$ git push origin main | |
| ! [rejected] main -> main (fetch first) | |
| error: failed to push some refs to 'example.com:username/repo.git' | |
| hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do not | |
| hint: have locally.</pre> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>If you see an error like this, it means that when you created the | |
| repository on your Git host, it added a commit to try to help you out. | |
| That’s the "work that you do not have locally" in the error message.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>You should be able to fix this by redoing <a href="#step_12">Step 12</a>. | |
| Then <a href="#step_14">Step 14</a> should work.</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_more_useful_git_commands">More useful Git commands</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>We’re not going to cover collaboration at all in this tutorial, but here are a | |
| few more commands that might be useful when using Git on your own:</p> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="ulist"> | |
| <ul> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>To download a Git repository to use on your computer you can run | |
| <code>git</code> <code>clone</code> <code>https://example.com/some/repo</code> (<a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>).</p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>To tell Git to "un-add" a file that you added by accident, run | |
| <code>git</code> <code>rm</code> <code>--cached</code> <code>FILENAME</code> (<a href="git-rm.html">git-rm(1)</a>)</p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>To get a list of past commits, run <code>git</code> <code>log</code> (<a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>)</p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>Every commit has an ID that looks something like this: | |
| <code>497588f53141b531a59ed888c7d2d9b8f8a6742d</code>. | |
| If you see a commit with <code>git</code> <code>log</code> that you want more details about, | |
| you can run <code>git</code> <code>show</code> <code>COMMIT_ID</code> to see what changes that made since | |
| the previous commit (<a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>)</p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p>To get a list of common Git commands, run <code>git</code> <code>help</code> (<a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a>)</p> | |
| </li> | |
| </ul> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div class="sect1"> | |
| <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="paragraph"> | |
| <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div id="footer"> | |
| <div id="footer-text"> | |
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