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| </head> |
| <body class="article"> |
| <div id="header"> |
| <h1>How to revert a faulty merge</h1> |
| </div> |
| <div id="content"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Alan <<a href="mailto:alan@clueserver.org">alan@clueserver.org</a>> said:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>I have a master branch. We have a branch off of that that some |
| developers are doing work on. They claim it is ready. We merge it |
| into the master branch. It breaks something so we revert the merge. |
| They make changes to the code. they get it to a point where they say |
| it is ok and we merge again.</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>When examined, we find that code changes made before the revert are |
| not in the master branch, but code changes after are in the master |
| branch.</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>and asked for help recovering from this situation.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The history immediately after the "revert of the merge" would look like |
| this:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>---o---o---o---M---x---x---W |
| / |
| ---A---B</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>where A and B are on the side development that was not so good, M is the |
| merge that brings these premature changes into the mainline, x are changes |
| unrelated to what the side branch did and already made on the mainline, |
| and W is the "revert of the merge M" (doesn’t W look M upside down?). |
| IOW, "diff <code>W^</code><code>..</code><code>W</code>" is similar to "diff <code>-R</code> <code>M^</code><code>..</code><code>M</code>".</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Such a "revert" of a merge can be made with:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git revert -m 1 M</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>After the developers of the side branch fix their mistakes, the history |
| may look like this:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>---o---o---o---M---x---x---W---x |
| / |
| ---A---B-------------------C---D</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>where C and D are to fix what was broken in A and B, and you may already |
| have some other changes on the mainline after W.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If you merge the updated side branch (with D at its tip), none of the |
| changes made in A or B will be in the result, because they were reverted |
| by W. That is what Alan saw.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Linus explains the situation:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>Reverting a regular commit just effectively undoes what that commit |
| did, and is fairly straightforward. But reverting a merge commit also |
| undoes the _data_ that the commit changed, but it does absolutely |
| nothing to the effects on _history_ that the merge had.</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>So the merge will still exist, and it will still be seen as joining |
| the two branches together, and future merges will see that merge as |
| the last shared state - and the revert that reverted the merge brought |
| in will not affect that at all.</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>So a "revert" undoes the data changes, but it's very much _not_ an |
| "undo" in the sense that it doesn't undo the effects of a commit on |
| the repository history.</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>So if you think of "revert" as "undo", then you're going to always |
| miss this part of reverts. Yes, it undoes the data, but no, it doesn't |
| undo history.</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In such a situation, you would want to first revert the previous revert, |
| which would make the history look like this:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>---o---o---o---M---x---x---W---x---Y |
| / |
| ---A---B-------------------C---D</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>where Y is the revert of W. Such a "revert of the revert" can be done |
| with:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git revert W</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This history would (ignoring possible conflicts between what W and W..Y |
| changed) be equivalent to not having W or Y at all in the history:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>---o---o---o---M---x---x-------x---- |
| / |
| ---A---B-------------------C---D</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>and merging the side branch again will not have conflict arising from an |
| earlier revert and revert of the revert.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>---o---o---o---M---x---x-------x-------* |
| / / |
| ---A---B-------------------C---D</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Of course the changes made in C and D still can conflict with what was |
| done by any of the x, but that is just a normal merge conflict.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>On the other hand, if the developers of the side branch discarded their |
| faulty A and B, and redone the changes on top of the updated mainline |
| after the revert, the history would have looked like this:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>---o---o---o---M---x---x---W---x---x |
| / \ |
| ---A---B A'--B'--C'</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If you reverted the revert in such a case as in the previous example:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>---o---o---o---M---x---x---W---x---x---Y---* |
| / \ / |
| ---A---B A'--B'--C'</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>where Y is the revert of W, A' and B' are rerolled A and B, and there may |
| also be a further fix-up C' on the side branch. "diff <code>Y^</code><code>..</code><code>Y</code>" is similar |
| to "diff <code>-R</code> <code>W^</code><code>..</code><code>W</code>" (which in turn means it is similar to "diff <code>M^</code><code>..</code><code>M</code>"), |
| and "diff <code>A</code>'^<code>..</code><code>C</code>'" by definition would be similar but different from that, |
| because it is a rerolled series of the earlier change. There will be a |
| lot of overlapping changes that result in conflicts. So do not do "revert |
| of revert" blindly without thinking..</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>---o---o---o---M---x---x---W---x---x |
| / \ |
| ---A---B A'--B'--C'</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In the history with rebased side branch, W (and M) are behind the merge |
| base of the updated branch and the tip of the mainline, and they should |
| merge without the past faulty merge and its revert getting in the way.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To recap, these are two very different scenarios, and they want two very |
| different resolution strategies:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>If the faulty side branch was fixed by adding corrections on top, then |
| doing a revert of the previous revert would be the right thing to do.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>If the faulty side branch whose effects were discarded by an earlier |
| revert of a merge was rebuilt from scratch (i.e. rebasing and fixing, |
| as you seem to have interpreted), then re-merging the result without |
| doing anything else fancy would be the right thing to do. |
| (See the ADDENDUM below for how to rebuild a branch from scratch |
| without changing its original branching-off point.)</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>However, there are things to keep in mind when reverting a merge (and |
| reverting such a revert).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For example, think about what reverting a merge (and then reverting the |
| revert) does to bisectability. Ignore the fact that the revert of a revert |
| is undoing it - just think of it as a "single commit that does a lot". |
| Because that is what it does.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>When you have a problem you are chasing down, and you hit a "revert this |
| merge", what you’re hitting is essentially a single commit that contains |
| all the changes (but obviously in reverse) of all the commits that got |
| merged. So it’s debugging hell, because now you don’t have lots of small |
| changes that you can try to pinpoint which <em>part</em> of it changes.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>But does it all work? Sure it does. You can revert a merge, and from a |
| purely technical angle, Git did it very naturally and had no real |
| troubles. It just considered it a change from "state before merge" to |
| "state after merge", and that was it. Nothing complicated, nothing odd, |
| nothing really dangerous. Git will do it without even thinking about it.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>So from a technical angle, there’s nothing wrong with reverting a merge, |
| but from a workflow angle it’s something that you generally should try to |
| avoid.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If at all possible, for example, if you find a problem that got merged |
| into the main tree, rather than revert the merge, try <em>really</em> hard to |
| bisect the problem down into the branch you merged, and just fix it, or |
| try to revert the individual commit that caused it.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Yes, it’s more complex, and no, it’s not always going to work (sometimes |
| the answer is: "oops, I really shouldn’t have merged it, because it wasn’t |
| ready yet, and I really need to undo <em>all</em> of the merge"). So then you |
| really should revert the merge, but when you want to re-do the merge, you |
| now need to do it by reverting the revert.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>ADDENDUM</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Sometimes you have to rewrite one of a topic branch’s commits <strong>and</strong> you can’t |
| change the topic’s branching-off point. Consider the following situation:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>P---o---o---M---x---x---W---x |
| \ / |
| A---B---C</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>where commit W reverted commit M because it turned out that commit B was wrong |
| and needs to be rewritten, but you need the rewritten topic to still branch |
| from commit P (perhaps P is a branching-off point for yet another branch, and |
| you want be able to merge the topic into both branches).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The natural thing to do in this case is to checkout the A-B-C branch and use |
| "rebase -i P" to change commit B. However this does not rewrite commit A, |
| because "rebase -i" by default fast-forwards over any initial commits selected |
| with the "pick" command. So you end up with this:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>P---o---o---M---x---x---W---x |
| \ / |
| A---B---C <-- old branch |
| \ |
| B'---C' <-- naively rewritten branch</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To merge A-B'-C' into the mainline branch you would still have to first revert |
| commit W in order to pick up the changes in A, but then it’s likely that the |
| changes in B' will conflict with the original B changes re-introduced by the |
| reversion of W.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>However, you can avoid these problems if you recreate the entire branch, |
| including commit A:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> A'---B'---C' <-- completely rewritten branch |
| / |
| P---o---o---M---x---x---W---x |
| \ / |
| A---B---C</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You can merge A'-B'-C' into the mainline branch without worrying about first |
| reverting W. Mainline’s history would look like this:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> A'---B'---C'------------------ |
| / \ |
| P---o---o---M---x---x---W---x---M2 |
| \ / |
| A---B---C</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>But if you don’t actually need to change commit A, then you need some way to |
| recreate it as a new commit with the same changes in it. The rebase command’s |
| --no-ff option provides a way to do this:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git rebase [-i] --no-ff P</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The --no-ff option creates a new branch A'-B'-C' with all-new commits (all the |
| SHA IDs will be different) even if in the interactive case you only actually |
| modify commit B. You can then merge this new branch directly into the mainline |
| branch and be sure you’ll get all of the branch’s changes.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You can also use --no-ff in cases where you just add extra commits to the topic |
| to fix it up. Let’s revisit the situation discussed at the start of this howto:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>P---o---o---M---x---x---W---x |
| \ / |
| A---B---C----------------D---E <-- fixed-up topic branch</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>At this point, you can use --no-ff to recreate the topic branch:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ git checkout E |
| $ git rebase --no-ff P</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>yielding</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> A'---B'---C'------------D'---E' <-- recreated topic branch |
| / |
| P---o---o---M---x---x---W---x |
| \ / |
| A---B---C----------------D---E</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You can merge the recreated branch into the mainline without reverting commit W, |
| and mainline’s history will look like this:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> A'---B'---C'------------D'---E' |
| / \ |
| P---o---o---M---x---x---W---x---M2 |
| \ / |
| A---B---C</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
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| <div id="footer-text"> |
| Last updated 2025-08-13 08:35:12 -0700 |
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