Documentation/Changes - pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ebiederm/linux-namespace-control-devel - Git at Google

 Intro
 =====

 This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
 software necessary to run the 3.0 kernels.

 This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
 and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
 'net).

 Current Minimal Requirements
 ============================

 Upgrade to at *least* these software revisions before thinking you've
 encountered a bug!  If you're unsure what version you're currently
 running, the suggested command should tell you.

 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
 running a Linux kernel.  Also, not all tools are necessary on all
 systems; obviously, if you don't have any ISDN hardware, for example,
 you probably needn't concern yourself with isdn4k-utils.

 o  Gnu C                  3.2                     # gcc --version
 o  Gnu make               3.80                    # make --version
 o  binutils               2.12                    # ld -v
 o  util-linux             2.10o                   # fdformat --version
 o  module-init-tools      0.9.10                  # depmod -V
 o  e2fsprogs              1.41.4                  # e2fsck -V
 o  jfsutils               1.1.3                   # fsck.jfs -V
 o  reiserfsprogs          3.6.3                   # reiserfsck -V
 o  xfsprogs               2.6.0                   # xfs_db -V
 o  squashfs-tools         4.0                     # mksquashfs -version
 o  btrfs-progs            0.18                    # btrfsck
 o  pcmciautils            004                     # pccardctl -V
 o  quota-tools            3.09                    # quota -V
 o  PPP                    2.4.0                   # pppd --version
 o  isdn4k-utils           3.1pre1                 # isdnctrl 2>&1|grep version
 o  nfs-utils              1.0.5                   # showmount --version
 o  procps                 3.2.0                   # ps --version
 o  oprofile               0.9                     # oprofiled --version
 o  udev                   081                     # udevd --version
 o  grub                   0.93                    # grub --version || grub-install --version
 o  mcelog                 0.6                     # mcelog --version
 o  iptables               1.4.2                   # iptables -V


 Kernel compilation
 ==================

 GCC
 ---

 The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
 computer.

 Make
 ----

 You will need Gnu make 3.80 or later to build the kernel.

 Binutils
 --------

 Linux on IA-32 has recently switched from using as86 to using gas for
 assembling the 16-bit boot code, removing the need for as86 to compile
 your kernel.  This change does, however, mean that you need a recent
 release of binutils.

 Perl
 ----

 You will need perl 5 and the following modules: Getopt::Long, Getopt::Std,
 File::Basename, and File::Find to build the kernel.


 System utilities
 ================

 Architectural changes
 ---------------------

 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
 (http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)

 32-bit UID support is now in place.  Have fun!

 Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
 documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
 definitions in the source.  These comments can be combined with the
 SGML templates in the Documentation/DocBook directory to make DocBook
 files, which can then be converted by DocBook stylesheets to PostScript,
 HTML, PDF files, and several other formats.  In order to convert from
 DocBook format to a format of your choice, you'll need to install Jade as
 well as the desired DocBook stylesheets.

 Util-linux
 ----------

 New versions of util-linux provide *fdisk support for larger disks,
 support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
 types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
 You'll probably want to upgrade.

 Ksymoops
 --------

 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
 It is generally preferred to build the kernel with CONFIG_KALLSYMS so
 that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
 produces better output than ksymoops).  If for some reason your kernel
 is not build with CONFIG_KALLSYMS and you have no way to rebuild and
 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
 with ksymoops.

 Module-Init-Tools
 -----------------

 A new module loader is now in the kernel that requires module-init-tools
 to use.  It is backward compatible with the 2.4.x series kernels.

 Mkinitrd
 --------

 These changes to the /lib/modules file tree layout also require that
 mkinitrd be upgraded.

 E2fsprogs
 ---------

 The latest version of e2fsprogs fixes several bugs in fsck and
 debugfs.  Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.

 JFSutils
 --------

 The jfsutils package contains the utilities for the file system.
 The following utilities are available:
 o fsck.jfs - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
   and repair a JFS formatted partition.
 o mkfs.jfs - create a JFS formatted partition.
 o other file system utilities are also available in this package.

 Reiserfsprogs
 -------------

 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
 versions of mkreiserfs, resize_reiserfs, debugreiserfs and
 reiserfsck. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.

 Xfsprogs
 --------

 The latest version of xfsprogs contains mkfs.xfs, xfs_db, and the
 xfs_repair utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem.  It is
 architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
 work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
 later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).

 PCMCIAutils
 -----------

 PCMCIAutils replaces pcmcia-cs (see below). It properly sets up
 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
 subsystem is used.

 Pcmcia-cs
 ---------

 PCMCIA (PC Card) support is now partially implemented in the main
 kernel source. The "pcmciautils" package (see above) replaces pcmcia-cs
 for newest kernels.

 Quota-tools
 -----------

 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
 the newer version 2 quota format.  Quota-tools version 3.07 and
 newer has this support.  Use the recommended version or newer
 from the table above.

 Intel IA32 microcode
 --------------------

 A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
 accessible as a normal (misc) character device.  If you are not using
 udev you may need to:

 mkdir /dev/cpu
 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode

 as root before you can use this.  You'll probably also want to
 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.

 Powertweak
 ----------

 If you are running v0.1.17 or earlier, you should upgrade to
 version v0.99.0 or higher. Running old versions may cause problems
 with programs using shared memory.

 udev
 ----
 udev is a userspace application for populating /dev dynamically with
 only entries for devices actually present.  udev replaces the basic
 functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
 devices.

 FUSE
 ----

 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later.  Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
 options 'direct_io' and 'kernel_cache' won't work.

 Networking
 ==========

 General changes
 ---------------

 If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
 consider using the network tools from ip-route2.

 Packet Filter / NAT
 -------------------
 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
 kernel series (iptables).  It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.

 PPP
 ---

 The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
 enable it to operate over diverse media layers.  If you use PPP,
 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.

 If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
 which can be made by:

 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0

 as root.

 Isdn4k-utils
 ------------

 Due to changes in the length of the phone number field, isdn4k-utils
 needs to be recompiled or (preferably) upgraded.

 NFS-utils
 ---------

 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
 about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS.  This
 information would be given to the kernel by "mountd" when the client
 mounted the filesystem, or by "exportfs" at system startup.  exportfs
 would take information about active clients from /var/lib/nfs/rmtab.

 This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
 which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
 fail-over.  Even when the system is working well, rmtab suffers from
 getting lots of old entries that never get removed.

 With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
 when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
 appropriate export information to the kernel.  This removes the
 dependency on rmtab and means that the kernel only needs to know about
 currently active clients.

 To enable this new functionality, you need to:

   mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd

 before running exportfs or mountd.  It is recommended that all NFS
 services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
 that is possible.

 mcelog
 ------

 In Linux 2.6.31+ the i386 kernel needs to run the mcelog utility
 as a regular cronjob similar to the x86-64 kernel to process and log
 machine check events when CONFIG_X86_NEW_MCE is enabled. Machine check
 events are errors reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
 All x86-64 kernels since 2.6.4 require the mcelog utility to
 process machine checks.

 Getting updated software
 ========================

 Kernel compilation
 ******************

 gcc
 ---
 o  <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>

 Make
 ----
 o  <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>

 Binutils
 --------
 o  <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>

 System utilities
 ****************

 Util-linux
 ----------
 o  <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>

 Ksymoops
 --------
 o  <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>

 Module-Init-Tools
 -----------------
 o  <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/rusty/modules/>

 Mkinitrd
 --------
 o  <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>

 E2fsprogs
 ---------
 o  <http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.29.tar.gz>

 JFSutils
 --------
 o  <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>

 Reiserfsprogs
 -------------
 o  <http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/reiserfs/>

 Xfsprogs
 --------
 o  <ftp://oss.sgi.com/projects/xfs/>

 Pcmciautils
 -----------
 o  <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>

 Pcmcia-cs
 ---------
 o  <http://pcmcia-cs.sourceforge.net/>

 Quota-tools
 ----------
 o  <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>

 DocBook Stylesheets
 -------------------
 o  <http://nwalsh.com/docbook/dsssl/>

 XMLTO XSLT Frontend
 -------------------
 o  <http://cyberelk.net/tim/xmlto/>

 Intel P6 microcode
 ------------------
 o  <http://www.urbanmyth.org/microcode/>

 Powertweak
 ----------
 o  <http://powertweak.sourceforge.net/>

 udev
 ----
 o <http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev.html>

 FUSE
 ----
 o <http://sourceforge.net/projects/fuse>

 mcelog
 ------
 o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/cpu/mce/>

 Networking
 **********

 PPP
 ---
 o  <ftp://ftp.samba.org/pub/ppp/>

 Isdn4k-utils
 ------------
 o  <ftp://ftp.isdn4linux.de/pub/isdn4linux/utils/>

 NFS-utils
 ---------
 o  <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>

 Iptables
 --------
 o  <http://www.iptables.org/downloads.html>

 Ip-route2
 ---------
 o  <ftp://ftp.tux.org/pub/net/ip-routing/iproute2-2.2.4-now-ss991023.tar.gz>

 OProfile
 --------
 o  <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>

 NFS-Utils
 ---------
 o  <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
	Intro
	=====

	This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
	software necessary to run the 3.0 kernels.

	This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
	and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
	Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
	'net).

	Current Minimal Requirements
	============================

	Upgrade to at least these software revisions before thinking you've
	encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
	running, the suggested command should tell you.

	Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
	running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
	systems; obviously, if you don't have any ISDN hardware, for example,
	you probably needn't concern yourself with isdn4k-utils.

	o Gnu C 3.2 # gcc --version
	o Gnu make 3.80 # make --version
	o binutils 2.12 # ld -v
	o util-linux 2.10o # fdformat --version
	o module-init-tools 0.9.10 # depmod -V
	o e2fsprogs 1.41.4 # e2fsck -V
	o jfsutils 1.1.3 # fsck.jfs -V
	o reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 # reiserfsck -V
	o xfsprogs 2.6.0 # xfs_db -V
	o squashfs-tools 4.0 # mksquashfs -version
	o btrfs-progs 0.18 # btrfsck
	o pcmciautils 004 # pccardctl -V
	o quota-tools 3.09 # quota -V
	o PPP 2.4.0 # pppd --version
	o isdn4k-utils 3.1pre1 # isdnctrl 2>&1\|grep version
	o nfs-utils 1.0.5 # showmount --version
	o procps 3.2.0 # ps --version
	o oprofile 0.9 # oprofiled --version
	o udev 081 # udevd --version
	o grub 0.93 # grub --version \|\| grub-install --version
	o mcelog 0.6 # mcelog --version
	o iptables 1.4.2 # iptables -V


	Kernel compilation
	==================

	GCC
	---

	The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
	computer.

	Make
	----

	You will need Gnu make 3.80 or later to build the kernel.

	Binutils
	--------

	Linux on IA-32 has recently switched from using as86 to using gas for
	assembling the 16-bit boot code, removing the need for as86 to compile
	your kernel. This change does, however, mean that you need a recent
	release of binutils.

	Perl
	----

	You will need perl 5 and the following modules: Getopt::Long, Getopt::Std,
	File::Basename, and File::Find to build the kernel.


	System utilities
	================

	Architectural changes
	---------------------

	DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
	(http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)

	32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!

	Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
	documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
	definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with the
	SGML templates in the Documentation/DocBook directory to make DocBook
	files, which can then be converted by DocBook stylesheets to PostScript,
	HTML, PDF files, and several other formats. In order to convert from
	DocBook format to a format of your choice, you'll need to install Jade as
	well as the desired DocBook stylesheets.

	Util-linux
	----------

	New versions of util-linux provide *fdisk support for larger disks,
	support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
	types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
	You'll probably want to upgrade.

	Ksymoops
	--------

	If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
	ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
	It is generally preferred to build the kernel with CONFIG_KALLSYMS so
	that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
	produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
	is not build with CONFIG_KALLSYMS and you have no way to rebuild and
	reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
	with ksymoops.

	Module-Init-Tools
	-----------------

	A new module loader is now in the kernel that requires module-init-tools
	to use. It is backward compatible with the 2.4.x series kernels.

	Mkinitrd
	--------

	These changes to the /lib/modules file tree layout also require that
	mkinitrd be upgraded.

	E2fsprogs
	---------

	The latest version of e2fsprogs fixes several bugs in fsck and
	debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.

	JFSutils
	--------

	The jfsutils package contains the utilities for the file system.
	The following utilities are available:
	o fsck.jfs - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
	and repair a JFS formatted partition.
	o mkfs.jfs - create a JFS formatted partition.
	o other file system utilities are also available in this package.

	Reiserfsprogs
	-------------

	The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
	(Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
	versions of mkreiserfs, resize_reiserfs, debugreiserfs and
	reiserfsck. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.

	Xfsprogs
	--------

	The latest version of xfsprogs contains mkfs.xfs, xfs_db, and the
	xfs_repair utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
	architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
	work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
	later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).

	PCMCIAutils
	-----------

	PCMCIAutils replaces pcmcia-cs (see below). It properly sets up
	PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
	for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
	subsystem is used.

	Pcmcia-cs
	---------

	PCMCIA (PC Card) support is now partially implemented in the main
	kernel source. The "pcmciautils" package (see above) replaces pcmcia-cs
	for newest kernels.

	Quota-tools
	-----------

	Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
	the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
	newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
	from the table above.

	Intel IA32 microcode
	--------------------

	A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
	accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
	udev you may need to:

	mkdir /dev/cpu
	mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
	chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode

	as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
	get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.

	Powertweak
	----------

	If you are running v0.1.17 or earlier, you should upgrade to
	version v0.99.0 or higher. Running old versions may cause problems
	with programs using shared memory.

	udev
	----
	udev is a userspace application for populating /dev dynamically with
	only entries for devices actually present. udev replaces the basic
	functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
	devices.

	FUSE
	----

	Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
	options 'direct_io' and 'kernel_cache' won't work.

	Networking
	==========

	General changes
	---------------

	If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
	consider using the network tools from ip-route2.

	Packet Filter / NAT
	-------------------
	The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
	kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
	for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.

	PPP
	---

	The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
	enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
	upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.

	If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
	which can be made by:

	mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0

	as root.

	Isdn4k-utils
	------------

	Due to changes in the length of the phone number field, isdn4k-utils
	needs to be recompiled or (preferably) upgraded.

	NFS-utils
	---------

	In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
	about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
	information would be given to the kernel by "mountd" when the client
	mounted the filesystem, or by "exportfs" at system startup. exportfs
	would take information about active clients from /var/lib/nfs/rmtab.

	This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
	which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
	fail-over. Even when the system is working well, rmtab suffers from
	getting lots of old entries that never get removed.

	With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
	when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
	appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
	dependency on rmtab and means that the kernel only needs to know about
	currently active clients.

	To enable this new functionality, you need to:

	mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd

	before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
	services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
	that is possible.

	mcelog
	------

	In Linux 2.6.31+ the i386 kernel needs to run the mcelog utility
	as a regular cronjob similar to the x86-64 kernel to process and log
	machine check events when CONFIG_X86_NEW_MCE is enabled. Machine check
	events are errors reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
	All x86-64 kernels since 2.6.4 require the mcelog utility to
	process machine checks.

	Getting updated software
	========================

	Kernel compilation
	******************

	gcc
	---
	o <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>

	Make
	----
	o <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>

	Binutils
	--------
	o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>

	System utilities
	****************

	Util-linux
	----------
	o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>

	Ksymoops
	--------
	o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>

	Module-Init-Tools
	-----------------
	o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/rusty/modules/>

	Mkinitrd
	--------
	o <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>

	E2fsprogs
	---------
	o <http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.29.tar.gz>

	JFSutils
	--------
	o <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>

	Reiserfsprogs
	-------------
	o <http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/reiserfs/>

	Xfsprogs
	--------
	o <ftp://oss.sgi.com/projects/xfs/>

	Pcmciautils
	-----------
	o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>

	Pcmcia-cs
	---------
	o <http://pcmcia-cs.sourceforge.net/>

	Quota-tools
	----------
	o <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>

	DocBook Stylesheets
	-------------------
	o <http://nwalsh.com/docbook/dsssl/>

	XMLTO XSLT Frontend
	-------------------
	o <http://cyberelk.net/tim/xmlto/>

	Intel P6 microcode
	------------------
	o <http://www.urbanmyth.org/microcode/>

	Powertweak
	----------
	o <http://powertweak.sourceforge.net/>

	udev
	----
	o <http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev.html>

	FUSE
	----
	o <http://sourceforge.net/projects/fuse>

	mcelog
	------
	o <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/cpu/mce/>

	Networking
	**********

	PPP
	---
	o <ftp://ftp.samba.org/pub/ppp/>

	Isdn4k-utils
	------------
	o <ftp://ftp.isdn4linux.de/pub/isdn4linux/utils/>

	NFS-utils
	---------
	o <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>

	Iptables
	--------
	o <http://www.iptables.org/downloads.html>

	Ip-route2
	---------
	o <ftp://ftp.tux.org/pub/net/ip-routing/iproute2-2.2.4-now-ss991023.tar.gz>

	OProfile
	--------
	o <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>

	NFS-Utils
	---------
	o <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>