| .\" Copyright (c) 1996 Andries Brouwer |
| .\" |
| .\" This page is somewhat derived from a page that was |
| .\" (c) 1980, 1989, 1991 The Regents of the University of California |
| .\" and had been heavily modified by Rik Faith and myself. |
| .\" (Probably no BSD text remains.) |
| .\" Fragments of text were written by Werner Almesberger, Remy Card, |
| .\" Stephen Tweedie and Eric Youngdale. |
| .\" |
| .\" This is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or |
| .\" modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as |
| .\" published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of |
| .\" the License, or (at your option) any later version. |
| .\" |
| .\" The GNU General Public License's references to "object code" |
| .\" and "executables" are to be interpreted as the output of any |
| .\" document formatting or typesetting system, including |
| .\" intermediate and printed output. |
| .\" |
| .\" This manual is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, |
| .\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of |
| .\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the |
| .\" GNU General Public License for more details. |
| .\" |
| .\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public |
| .\" License along with this manual; if not, write to the Free |
| .\" Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, |
| .\" USA. |
| .\" |
| .\" 960705, aeb: version for mount-2.5k |
| .\" 970114, aeb: xiafs and ext are dead; romfs is new |
| .\" 970623, aeb: -F option |
| .\" |
| .TH MOUNT 8 "5 July 1996" "Linux 2.0" "Linux Programmer's Manual" |
| .SH NAME |
| mount \- mount a file system |
| .SH SYNOPSIS |
| .BI "mount [\-hV]" |
| .LP |
| .BI "mount \-a [\-fFnrvw] [\-t " vfstype ] |
| .br |
| .BI "mount [\-fnrvw] [\-o " options " [,...]] " "device " | " dir" |
| .br |
| .BI "mount [\-fnrvw] [\-t " vfstype "] [\-o " options "] " "device dir" |
| .SH DESCRIPTION |
| All files accessible in a Unix system are arranged in one big |
| tree, the file hierarchy, rooted at |
| .BR / . |
| These files can be spread out over several devices. The |
| .B mount |
| command serves to attach the file system found on some device |
| to the big file tree. Conversely, the |
| .BR umount (8) |
| command will detach it again. |
| |
| The standard form of the |
| .B mount |
| command, is |
| .RS |
| .br |
| .BI "mount \-t" " type device dir" |
| .RE |
| This tells the kernel to attach the file system found on |
| .I device |
| (which is of type |
| .IR type ) |
| at the directory |
| .IR dir . |
| The previous contents (if any) and owner and mode of |
| .I dir |
| become invisible, and as long as this file system remains mounted, |
| the pathname |
| .I dir |
| refers to the root of the file system on |
| .IR device . |
| |
| Three forms of invocation do not actually mount anything: |
| .RS |
| .br |
| .B "mount \-h" |
| .RE |
| prints a help message; |
| .RS |
| .br |
| .B "mount \-V" |
| .RE |
| prints a version string; and just |
| .RS |
| .BI "mount [-t" " type" ] |
| .RE |
| lists all mounted file systems (of type |
| .IR type ) |
| - see below. |
| |
| The |
| .I proc |
| file system is not associated with a special device, and when |
| mounting it, an arbitrary keyword, such as |
| .I proc |
| can be used instead of a device specification. |
| (The customary choice |
| .I none |
| is less fortunate: the error message `none busy' from |
| .B umount |
| can be confusing.) |
| |
| Most devices are indicated by a file name (of a block special device), like |
| .IR /dev/sda1 , |
| but there are other possibilities. For example, in the case of an NFS mount, |
| .I device |
| may look like |
| .IR knuth.cwi.nl:/dir . |
| |
| The file |
| .I /etc/fstab |
| (see |
| .BR fstab (5)), |
| may contain lines describing what devices are usually |
| mounted where, using which options. This file is used in three ways: |
| .LP |
| (i) The command |
| .RS |
| .br |
| .BI "mount \-a [-t" " type" ] |
| .RE |
| (usually given in a bootscript) causes all file systems mentioned in |
| .I fstab |
| (of the proper type) to be mounted as indicated, except for those |
| whose line contains the |
| .B noauto |
| keyword. Adding the |
| .B \-F |
| option will make mount fork, so that the |
| filesystems are mounted simultaneously. |
| .LP |
| (ii) When mounting a file system mentioned in |
| .IR fstab , |
| it suffices to give only the device, or only the mount point. |
| .LP |
| (iii) Normally, only the superuser can mount file systems. |
| However, when |
| .I fstab |
| contains the |
| .B user |
| option on a line, then anybody can mount the corresponding system. |
| .LP |
| Thus, given a line |
| .RS |
| .br |
| .B "/dev/cdrom /cd iso9660 ro,user,noauto,unhide" |
| .RE |
| any user can mount the iso9660 file system found on his CDROM |
| using the command |
| .RS |
| .br |
| .B "mount /dev/cdrom" |
| .RE |
| or |
| .RS |
| .br |
| .B "mount /cd" |
| .RE |
| For more details, see |
| .BR fstab (5). |
| |
| The programs |
| .B mount |
| and |
| .B umount |
| maintain a list of currently mounted file systems in the file |
| .IR /etc/mtab . |
| If no arguments are given to |
| .BR mount , |
| this list is printed. |
| When the |
| .I proc |
| filesystem is mounted (say at |
| .IR /proc ), |
| the files |
| .I /etc/mtab |
| and |
| .I /proc/mounts |
| have very similar contents. The former has somewhat |
| more information, such as the mount options used, |
| but is not necessarily up-to-date (cf. the |
| .B \-n |
| option below). It is possible to replace |
| .I /etc/mtab |
| by a symbolic link to |
| .IR /proc/mounts , |
| but some information is lost that way, and in particular |
| working with the loop device will be less convenient. |
| |
| .SH OPTIONS |
| The full set of options used by an invocation of |
| .B mount |
| is determined by first extracting the |
| options for the file system from the |
| .I fstab |
| table, then applying any options specified by the |
| .B \-o |
| argument, and finally applying a |
| .BR \-r " or " \-w |
| option, when present. |
| |
| Options available for the |
| .B mount |
| command: |
| .TP |
| .B \-V |
| Output version. |
| .TP |
| .B \-h |
| Print a help message. |
| .TP |
| .B \-v |
| Verbose mode. |
| .TP |
| .B \-a |
| Mount all filesystems (of the given types) mentioned in |
| .IR fstab . |
| .TP |
| .B \-F |
| (Used in conjunction with |
| .BR \-a .) |
| Fork off a new incarnation of mount for each device. |
| This will do the mounts on different devices in parallel. |
| This has the advantage that it is faster; also NFS timeouts go in |
| parallel. A disadvantage is that the mounts are done in undefined order. |
| Thus, you cannot use this option if you want to mount both |
| .I /usr |
| and |
| .IR /usr/spool . |
| .TP |
| .B \-f |
| Causes everything to be done except for the actual system call; if it's not |
| obvious, this ``fakes'' mounting the file system. This option is useful in |
| conjunction with the |
| .B \-v |
| flag to determine what the |
| .B mount |
| command is trying to do. It can also be used to add entries for devices |
| that were mounted earlier with the -n option. |
| .TP |
| .B \-n |
| Mount without writing in |
| .IR /etc/mtab . |
| This is necessary for example when |
| .I /etc |
| is on a read-only file system. |
| .TP |
| .B \-r |
| Mount the file system read-only. A synonym is |
| .BR "\-o ro" . |
| .TP |
| .B \-w |
| Mount the file system read/write. This is the default. A synonym is |
| .BR "\-o rw" . |
| .TP |
| .BI \-t " vfstype" |
| The argument following the |
| .B \-t |
| is used to indicate the file system type. The file system types which are |
| currently supported are listed in |
| .IR linux/fs/filesystems.c : |
| .IR minix ", " ext ", " ext2 ", " xiafs ", " hpfs , |
| .IR msdos ", " umsdos ", " vfat , |
| .IR proc ", " nfs ", " iso9660 ", " smbfs ", " ncpfs , |
| .IR affs ", " ufs ", " romfs , |
| .IR sysv ", " xenix ", " coherent . |
| Note that the last three are equivalent and that |
| .I xenix |
| and |
| .I coherent |
| will be removed at some point in the future \(em use |
| .I sysv |
| instead. Since kernel version 2.1.21 the types |
| .I ext |
| and |
| .I xiafs |
| do not exist anymore. |
| |
| The type |
| .I iso9660 |
| is the default. If no |
| .B \-t |
| option is given, or if the |
| .B auto |
| type is specified, the superblock is probed for the filesystem type |
| .RI ( minix ", " ext ", " ext2 ", " xiafs ", " iso9660 ", " romfs |
| are supported). |
| If this probe fails and |
| .I /proc/filesystems |
| exists, then all of the filesystems listed there will be tried, |
| except for those that are labeled "nodev" (e.g., |
| .I proc |
| and |
| .IR nfs ). |
| |
| Note that the |
| .B auto |
| type may be useful for user-mounted floppies. |
| Warning: the probing uses a heuristic (the presence of appropriate `magic'), |
| and could recognize the wrong filesystem type. |
| |
| More than one type may be specified in a comma separated |
| list. The list of file system types can be prefixed with |
| .B no |
| to specify the file system types on which no action should be taken. |
| (This can be meaningful with the |
| .B \-a |
| option.) |
| |
| For example, the command: |
| .RS |
| .RS |
| .B "mount \-a \-t nomsdos,ext" |
| .RE |
| mounts all file systems except those of type |
| .I msdos |
| and |
| .IR ext . |
| .RE |
| .TP |
| .B \-o |
| Options are specified with a |
| .B \-o |
| flag followed by a comma separated string of options. |
| Some of these options are only useful when they appear in the |
| .I /etc/fstab |
| file. The following options apply to any file system that is being |
| mounted: |
| .RS |
| .TP |
| .B async |
| All I/O to the file system should be done asynchronously. |
| .TP |
| .B atime |
| Update inode access time for each access. This is the default. |
| .TP |
| .B auto |
| Can be mounted with the |
| .B \-a |
| option. |
| .TP |
| .B defaults |
| Use default options: |
| .BR rw ", " suid ", " dev ", " exec ", " auto ", " nouser ", and " async. |
| .TP |
| .B dev |
| Interpret character or block special devices on the file system. |
| .TP |
| .B exec |
| Permit execution of binaries. |
| .TP |
| .B noatime |
| Do not update inode access times on this file system (e.g, for faster |
| access on the news spool to speed up news servers). |
| .TP |
| .B noauto |
| Can only be mounted explicitly (i.e., the |
| .B \-a |
| option will not cause the file system to be mounted). |
| .TP |
| .B nodev |
| Do not interpret character or block special devices on the file |
| system. |
| .TP |
| .B noexec |
| Do not allow execution of any binaries on the mounted file system. |
| This option might be useful for a server that has file systems containing |
| binaries for architectures other than its own. |
| .TP |
| .B nosuid |
| Do not allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take |
| effect. |
| .TP |
| .B nouser |
| Forbid an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the file system. |
| This is the default. |
| .TP |
| .B remount |
| Attempt to remount an already-mounted file system. This is commonly |
| used to change the mount flags for a file system, especially to make a |
| readonly file system writeable. |
| .TP |
| .B ro |
| Mount the file system read-only. |
| .TP |
| .B rw |
| Mount the file system read-write. |
| .TP |
| .B suid |
| Allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take |
| effect. |
| .TP |
| .B sync |
| All I/O to the file system should be done synchronously. |
| .TP |
| .B user |
| Allow an ordinary user to mount the file system. This option implies |
| the options |
| .BR noexec ", " nosuid ", and " nodev |
| (unless overridden by subsequent options, as in the option line |
| .BR user,exec,dev,suid ). |
| .RE |
| |
| .SH "FILESYSTEM SPECIFIC MOUNT OPTIONS" |
| The following options apply only to certain file systems. |
| We sort them by file system. They all follow the |
| .B \-o |
| flag. |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for affs" |
| .TP |
| \fBuid=\fP\fIvalue\fP and \fBgid=\fP\fIvalue\fP |
| Set the owner and group of the root of the file system (default: uid=gid=0, |
| but with option |
| .B uid |
| or |
| .B gid |
| without specified value, the uid and gid of the current process are taken). |
| .TP |
| \fBsetuid=\fP\fIvalue\fP and \fBsetgid=\fP\fIvalue\fP |
| Set the owner and group of all files. |
| .TP |
| .BI mode= value |
| Set the mode of all files to |
| .IR value " & 0777" |
| disregarding the original permissions. |
| Add search permission to directories that have read permission. |
| The value is given in octal. |
| .TP |
| .B protect |
| Do not allow any changes to the protection bits on the file system. |
| .TP |
| .B usemp |
| Set uid and gid of the root of the file system to the uid and gid |
| of the mount point upon the first sync or umount, and then |
| clear this option. Strange... |
| .TP |
| .B verbose |
| Print an informational message for each successful mount. |
| .TP |
| .BI prefix= string |
| Prefix used before volume name, when following a link. |
| .TP |
| .BI volume= string |
| Prefix (of length at most 30) used before '/' when following a symbolic link. |
| .TP |
| .BI reserved= value |
| (Default: 2.) Number of unused blocks at the start of the device. |
| .TP |
| .BI root= value |
| Give explicitly the location of the root block. |
| .TP |
| .BI bs= value |
| Give blocksize. Allowed values are 512, 1024, 2048, 4096. |
| .TP |
| .BR grpquota " / " noquota " / " quota " / " usrquota |
| These options are accepted but ignored. |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for coherent" |
| None. |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for ext" |
| None. |
| Note that the `ext' file system is obsolete. Don't use it. |
| Since Linux version 2.1.21 extfs is no longer part of the kernel source. |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for ext2" |
| The `ext2' file system is the standard Linux file system. |
| Due to a kernel bug, it may be mounted with random mount options |
| (fixed in Linux 2.0.4). |
| .TP |
| .BR bsddf " / " minixdf |
| Set the behaviour for the |
| .I statfs |
| system call. The |
| .B minixdf |
| behaviour is to return in the |
| .I f_blocks |
| field the total number of blocks of the file system, while the |
| .B bsddf |
| behaviour (which is the default) is to subtract the overhead blocks |
| used by the ext2 file system and not available for file storage. Thus |
| .RE |
| .nf |
| |
| % mount /k -o minixdf; df /k; umount /k |
| Filesystem 1024-blocks Used Available Capacity Mounted on |
| /dev/sda6 2630655 86954 2412169 3% /k |
| % mount /k -o bsddf; df /k; umount /k |
| Filesystem 1024-blocks Used Available Capacity Mounted on |
| /dev/sda6 2543714 13 2412169 0% /k |
| |
| .fi |
| (Note that this example shows that one can add command line options |
| to the options given in |
| .IR /etc/fstab .) |
| |
| .TP |
| .BR check " / " check=normal " / " check=strict |
| Set checking level. When at least one of these options is set (and |
| .B check=normal |
| is set by default) the inodes and blocks bitmaps are checked upon mount |
| (which can take half a minute or so on a big disk). |
| With strict checking, block deallocation checks that the block to free |
| is in the data zone. |
| .TP |
| .BR check=none " / " nocheck |
| No checking is done. |
| .TP |
| .B debug |
| Print debugging info upon each (re)mount. |
| .TP |
| .BR errors=continue " / " errors=remount-ro " / " errors=panic |
| Define the behaviour when an error is encountered. |
| (Either ignore errors and just mark the file system erroneous and continue, |
| or remount the file system read-only, or panic and halt the system.) |
| The default is set in the filesystem superblock, and can be |
| changed using |
| .BR tune2fs (8). |
| .TP |
| .BR grpid " or " bsdgroups " / " nogrpid " or " sysvgroups |
| These options define what group id a newly created file gets. |
| When |
| .BR grpid |
| is set, it takes the group id of the directory in which it is created; |
| otherwise (the default) it takes the fsgid of the current process, unless |
| the directory has the setgid bit set, in which case it takes the gid |
| from the parent directory, and also gets the setgid bit set |
| if it is a directory itself. |
| .TP |
| \fBresgid=\fP\fIn\fP and \fBresuid=\fP\fIn\fP |
| The ext2 file system reserves a certain percentage of the available |
| space (by default 5%, see |
| .BR mke2fs (8) |
| and |
| .BR tune2fs (8)). |
| These options determine who can use the reserved blocks. |
| (Roughly: whoever has the specified uid, or belongs to the specified group.) |
| .TP |
| .BI sb= n |
| Instead of block 1, use block |
| .I n |
| as superblock. This could be useful when the filesystem has been damaged. |
| Usually, copies of the superblock are found every 8192 blocks: in |
| block 1, 8193, 16385, ... |
| (Thus, one gets hundreds or even thousands of copies of the superblock |
| on a big filesystem. I do not know of options to mke2fs that would |
| cause fewer copies to be written.) |
| .TP |
| .BR grpquota " / " noquota " / " quota " / " usrquota |
| These options are accepted but ignored. |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for fat" |
| (Note: |
| .I fat |
| is not a separate filesystem, but a common part of the |
| .IR msdos , |
| .I umsdos |
| and |
| .I vfat |
| filesystems.) |
| .TP |
| .BR blocksize=512 " / " blocksize=1024 |
| Set blocksize (default 512). |
| .TP |
| \fBuid=\fP\fIvalue\fP and \fBgid=\fP\fIvalue\fP |
| Set the owner and group of all files. (Default: the uid and gid |
| of the current process.) |
| .TP |
| .BI umask= value |
| Set the umask (the bitmask of the permissions that are |
| .B not |
| present). The default is the umask of the current process. |
| The value is given in octal. |
| .TP |
| .BI check= value |
| Three different levels of pickyness can be chosen: |
| .RS |
| .TP |
| .B r[elaxed] |
| Upper and lower case are accepted and equivalent, long name parts are |
| truncated (e.g. |
| .I verylongname.foobar |
| becomes |
| .IR verylong.foo ), |
| leading and embedded spaces are accepted in each name part (name and extension). |
| .TP |
| .B n[ormal] |
| Like "relaxed", but many special characters (*, ?, <, spaces, etc.) are |
| rejected. This is the default. |
| .TP |
| .B s[trict] |
| Like "normal", but names may not contain long parts and special characters |
| that are sometimes used on Linux, but are not accepted by MS-DOS are |
| rejected. (+, =, spaces, etc.) |
| .RE |
| .TP |
| .BR conv=b[inary] " / " conv=t[ext] " / " conv=a[uto] |
| The |
| .I fat |
| file system can perform CRLF<-->NL (MS-DOS text format to UNIX text |
| format) conversion in the kernel. The following conversion modes are |
| available: |
| .RS |
| .TP |
| .B binary |
| no translation is performed. This is the default. |
| .TP |
| .B text |
| CRLF<-->NL translation is performed on all files. |
| .TP |
| .B auto |
| CRLF<-->NL translation is performed on all files that don't have a |
| "well-known binary" extension. The list of known extensions can be found at |
| the beginning of |
| .I fs/fat/misc.c |
| (as of 2.0, the list is: exe, com, bin, app, sys, drv, ovl, ovr, obj, |
| lib, dll, pif, arc, zip, lha, lzh, zoo, tar, z, arj, tz, taz, tzp, tpz, |
| gz, tgz, deb, gif, bmp, tif, gl, jpg, pcx, tfm, vf, gf, pk, pxl, dvi). |
| .PP |
| Programs that do computed lseeks won't like in-kernel text conversion. |
| Several people have had their data ruined by this translation. Beware! |
| |
| For file systems mounted in binary mode, a conversion tool |
| (fromdos/todos) is available. |
| .RE |
| .TP |
| .B debug |
| Turn on the |
| .I debug |
| flag. A version string and a list of file system parameters will be |
| printed (these data are also printed if the parameters appear to be |
| inconsistent). |
| .TP |
| .BR fat=12 " / " fat=16 |
| Specify either a 12 bit fat or a 16 bit fat. This overrides |
| the automatic FAT type detection routine. Use with caution! |
| .TP |
| .B quiet |
| Turn on the |
| .I quiet |
| flag. Attempts to chown or chmod files do not return errors, |
| although they fail. Use with caution! |
| .TP |
| .B "sys_immutable, showexec, dots, nodots, dotsOK=[yes|no]" |
| Various misguided attempts to force Unix or DOS conventions |
| onto a FAT file system. |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for hpfs" |
| .TP |
| \fBuid=\fP\fIvalue\fP and \fBgid=\fP\fIvalue\fP |
| Set the owner and group of all files. (Default: the uid and gid |
| of the current process.) |
| .TP |
| .BI umask= value |
| Set the umask (the bitmask of the permissions that are |
| .B not |
| present). The default is the umask of the current process. |
| The value is given in octal. |
| .TP |
| .BR case=lower " / " case=asis |
| Convert all files names to lower case, or leave them. |
| (Default: |
| .BR case=lower .) |
| .TP |
| .BR conv=binary " / " conv=text " / " conv=auto |
| For |
| .BR conv=text , |
| delete some random CRs (in particular, all followed by NL) |
| when reading a file. |
| For |
| .BR conv=auto , |
| choose more or less at random between |
| .BR conv=binary " and " conv=text . |
| For |
| .BR conv=binary , |
| just read what is in the file. This is the default. |
| .TP |
| .B nocheck |
| Do not abort mounting when certain consistency checks fail. |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for iso9660" |
| Normal |
| .I iso9660 |
| filenames appear in a 8.3 format (i.e., DOS-like restrictions on filename |
| length), and in addition all characters are in upper case. Also there is |
| no field for file ownership, protection, number of links, provision for |
| block/character devices, etc. |
| |
| Rock Ridge is an extension to iso9660 that provides all of these unix like |
| features. Basically there are extensions to each directory record that |
| supply all of the additional information, and when Rock Ridge is in use, |
| the filesystem is indistinguishable from a normal UNIX file system (except |
| that it is read-only, of course). |
| .TP |
| .B norock |
| Disable the use of Rock Ridge extensions, even if available. Cf.\& |
| .BR map . |
| .TP |
| .BR check=r[elaxed] " / " check=s[trict] |
| With |
| .BR check=relaxed , |
| a filename is first converted to lower case before doing the lookup. |
| This is probably only meaningful together with |
| .B norock |
| and |
| .BR map=normal . |
| (Default: |
| .BR check=strict .) |
| .TP |
| \fBuid=\fP\fIvalue\fP and \fBgid=\fP\fIvalue\fP |
| Give all files in the file system the indicated user or group id, |
| possibly overriding the information found in the Rock Ridge extensions. |
| (Default: |
| .BR uid=0,gid=0 .) |
| .TP |
| .BR map=n[ormal] " / " map=o[ff] |
| For non-Rock Ridge volumes, normal name translation maps upper |
| to lower case ASCII, drops a trailing `;1', and converts `;' to `.'. |
| With |
| .B map=off |
| no name translation is done. See |
| .BR norock . |
| (Default: |
| .BR map=normal .) |
| .TP |
| .BI mode= value |
| For non-Rock Ridge volumes, give all files the indicated mode. |
| (Default: read permission for everybody.) |
| Since Linux 2.1.37 one no longer needs to specify the mode in |
| decimal. (Octal is indicated by a leading 0.) |
| .TP |
| .B unhide |
| Also show hidden and associated files. |
| .TP |
| .B block=[512|1024|2048] |
| Set the block size to the indicated value. |
| (Default: |
| .BR block=1024 .) |
| .TP |
| .BR conv=a[uto] " / " conv=b[inary] " / " conv=m[text] " / " conv=t[ext] |
| (Default: |
| .BR conv=binary .) |
| Since Linux 1.3.54 this option has no effect anymore. |
| (And non-binary settings used to be very dangerous, |
| often leading to silent data corruption.) |
| .TP |
| .B cruft |
| If the high byte of the file length contains other garbage, |
| set this mount option to ignore the high order bits of the file length. |
| This implies that a file cannot be larger than 16MB. |
| The `cruft' option is set automatically if the entire CDROM |
| has a weird size (negative, or more than 800MB). It is also |
| set when volume sequence numbers other than 0 or 1 are seen. |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for minix" |
| None. |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for msdos" |
| See mount options for fat. |
| If the |
| .I msdos |
| file system detects an inconsistency, it reports an error and sets the file |
| system read-only. The file system can be made writeable again by remounting |
| it. |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for ncp" |
| Just like |
| .IR nfs ", the " ncp |
| implementation expects a binary argument (a |
| .IR "struct ncp_mount_data" ) |
| to the mount system call. This argument is constructed by |
| .BR ncpmount (8) |
| and the current version of |
| .B mount |
| (2.6h) does not know anything about ncp. |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for nfs" |
| Instead of a textual option string, parsed by the kernel, the |
| .I nfs |
| file system expects a binary argument of type |
| .IR "struct nfs_mount_data" . |
| The program |
| .B mount |
| itself parses the following options of the form `tag=value', |
| and puts them in the structure mentioned: |
| .BI rsize= n, |
| .BI wsize= n, |
| .BI timeo= n, |
| .BI retrans= n, |
| .BI acregmin= n, |
| .BI acregmax= n, |
| .BI acdirmin= n, |
| .BI acdirmax= n, |
| .BI actimeo= n, |
| .BI retry= n, |
| .BI port= n, |
| .BI mountport= n, |
| .BI mounthost= name, |
| .BI mountprog= n, |
| .BI mountvers= n, |
| .BI nfsprog= n, |
| .BI nfsvers= n, |
| .BI namlen= n. |
| The option |
| .BI addr= n |
| is accepted but ignored. |
| Also the following Boolean options, possibly preceded by |
| .B no |
| are recognized: |
| .BR bg , |
| .BR fg , |
| .BR soft , |
| .BR hard , |
| .BR intr , |
| .BR posix , |
| .BR cto , |
| .BR ac , |
| .BR tcp , |
| .BR udp , |
| .BR lock . |
| For details, see |
| .BR nfs (5). |
| |
| Especially useful options include |
| .TP |
| .B rsize=8192,wsize=8192 |
| This will make your nfs connection much faster than with the default |
| buffer size of 1024. |
| .TP |
| .B hard |
| The program accessing a file on a NFS mounted file system will hang |
| when the server crashes. The process cannot be interrupted or |
| killed unless you also specify |
| .BR intr . |
| When the NFS server is back online the program will continue undisturbed |
| from where it was. This is probably what you want. |
| .TP |
| .B soft |
| This option allows the kernel to time out if the nfs server is not |
| responding for some time. The time can be |
| specified with |
| .BR timeo=time . |
| This option might be useful if your nfs server sometimes doesn't respond |
| or will be rebooted while some process tries to get a file from the server. |
| Usually it just causes lots of trouble. |
| .TP |
| .B nolock |
| Do not use locking. Do not start lockd. |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for proc" |
| .TP |
| \fBuid=\fP\fIvalue\fP and \fBgid=\fP\fIvalue\fP |
| These options are recognized, but have no effect as far as I can see. |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for romfs" |
| None. |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for smbfs" |
| Just like |
| .IR nfs ", the " smb |
| implementation expects a binary argument (a |
| .IR "struct smb_mount_data" ) |
| to the mount system call. This argument is constructed by |
| .BR smbmount (8) |
| and the current version of |
| .B mount |
| (2.6c) does not know anything about smb. |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for sysv" |
| None. |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for ufs" |
| None. |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for umsdos" |
| See mount options for msdos. |
| The |
| .B dotsOK |
| option is explicitly killed by |
| .IR umsdos . |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for vfat" |
| First of all, the mount options for |
| .I fat |
| are recognized. |
| The |
| .B dotsOK |
| option is explicitly killed by |
| .IR vfat . |
| Furthermore, there are |
| .TP |
| .B uni_xlate |
| Translate unhandled Unicode characters to special escaped sequences. |
| This lets you backup and restore filenames that are created with any |
| Unicode characters. Without this option, a '?' is used when no |
| translation is possible. The escape character is ':' because it is |
| otherwise illegal on the vfat filesystem. The escape sequence |
| that gets used, where u is the unicode character, |
| is: ':', (u & 0x3f), ((u>>6) & 0x3f), (u>>12). |
| .TP |
| .B posix |
| Allow two files with names that only differ in case. |
| .TP |
| .B nonumtail |
| First try to make a short name without sequence number, |
| before trying |
| .IR name~num.ext . |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for xenix" |
| None. |
| |
| .SH "Mount options for xiafs" |
| None. Although nothing is wrong with xiafs, it is not used much, |
| and is not maintained. Probably one shouldn't use it. |
| Since Linux version 2.1.21 xiafs is no longer part of the kernel source. |
| |
| .SH "THE LOOP DEVICE" |
| One further possible type is a mount via the loop device. For example, |
| the command |
| |
| .nf |
| .B " mount /tmp/fdimage /mnt -t msdos -o loop=/dev/loop3,blocksize=1024" |
| .fi |
| |
| will set up the loop device |
| .I /dev/loop3 |
| to correspond to the file |
| .IR /tmp/fdimage , |
| and then mount this device on |
| .IR /mnt . |
| This type of mount knows about three options, namely |
| .BR loop ", " offset " and " encryption , |
| that are really options to |
| .BR losetup (8). |
| If no explicit loop device is mentioned |
| (but just an option `\fB\-o loop\fP' is given), then |
| .B mount |
| will try to find some unused loop device and use that. |
| |
| .SH FILES |
| .I /etc/fstab |
| file system table |
| .br |
| .I /etc/mtab |
| table of mounted file systems |
| .br |
| .I /etc/mtab~ |
| lock file |
| .br |
| .I /etc/mtab.tmp |
| temporary file |
| .SH "SEE ALSO" |
| .BR mount (2), |
| .BR umount (2), |
| .BR fstab (5), |
| .BR umount (8), |
| .BR swapon (8), |
| .BR nfs (5), |
| .BR mountd (8), |
| .BR nfsd (8), |
| .BR mke2fs (8), |
| .BR tune2fs (8), |
| .BR losetup (8) |
| .SH BUGS |
| It is possible for a corrupted file system to cause a crash. |
| .PP |
| Some Linux file systems don't support |
| .B "\-o sync" |
| (the ext2fs |
| .I does |
| support synchronous updates (a la BSD) when mounted with the |
| .B sync |
| option). |
| .PP |
| The |
| .B "\-o remount" |
| may not be able to change mount parameters (all |
| .IR ext2fs -specific |
| parameters, except |
| .BR sb , |
| are changeable with a remount, for example, but you can't change |
| .B gid |
| or |
| .B umask |
| for the |
| .IR fatfs ). |
| .SH HISTORY |
| A |
| .B mount |
| command appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX. |